Lincoln Electric Case Study free essay sample

Running head: LINCOLN ELECTRIC CASE STUDY Lincoln Electric Case Study Edris Holland Grand Canyon University Leading As a General Manager: LDR 620 Professor Brian Johnson July 27, 2011 Lincoln Electric Case Study Lincoln Electric Case Study Questions 1. Does Lincoln follow a various leveled or decentralized way to deal with the board? Clarify your answer and give models. Lincoln follows a decentralized way to deal with the board. The organization has an open-entryway strategy for every single top official, center supervisors, and creation laborers, and normal up close and personal correspondence is empowered. Laborers are required to challenge the executives in the event that they accept practices or remuneration rates are out of line. As indicated by (Daft, 2010) open-book the board is utilized in decentralized associations to share the money related state of an organization with all workers. Open-book the executives energizes dynamic cooperation in accomplishing hierarchical objectives, enables the representative to see how their activity influences the money related achievement of the association, and permits workers to see the relationship and significance of every business work (Daft, p. We will compose a custom exposition test on Lincoln Electric Case Study or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 560). . In light of what you’ve simply read, what do you think makes the Lincoln System so effective in the United States? Lincoln utilizes a various control approach. Errands are absolutely characterized, and singular representatives must surpass severe execution objectives to accomplish top compensation. The motivating force and control framework is incredible. Creation laborers are paid on a piece-rate premise, in addition to justify pay dependent on execution. Representatives are likewise qualified for yearly rewards, which vacillate as indicated by the company’s benefits, and they take part in stock buy plans. A worker’s reward depends on four components: work profitability, work quality, reliability, and collaboration with others. Some assembly line laborers at Lincoln have earned more than $100,000 per year. 3. The issue with moving Lincoln’s control frameworks to other national societies is Managers at global plants neglected to meet their creation and money related objectives consistently and they overstated the objectives sent to Lincoln’s administrators to get more assets, particularly during the downturn in Europe and South America. Numerous abroad supervisors wanted to expand deals, and laborers were discovered resting on seats in light of the fact that insufficient work was accessible. The European work culture was antagonistic to the piecework and reward control framework. The recommendations I would you make to Lincoln’s directors to make future global assembling plants progressively fruitful is the need to mingle the expat as they did the United States specialist expanding the â€Å"buy in. † Team building meetings and instructing with remuneration motivations and functions to expand moral. There ought to be no laborers dozing at work and staffing ought to be managed by the work to be done which should be possible by executing work sharing. A social evaluation should be done in each organization and infuse that culture into the vision of each company’s culture comprehensive of nourishments in the lounge social socialization rehearses and more tight control. A chain of importance framework with space for development and headway additionally could be presented. A program like six sigma control would be valuable to distinguish quantify and improve the main concern and consumer loyalty in the organization. . Should Lincoln get cash and pay rewards to abstain from breaking trust with its U. S. laborers? Why or why not. No, I accept they ought to scale down and return to what fills in just as framing and controlling alliance to investigate and perhaps get and outside office to assess the issues for hierarchical improvement and approaches to expand the company’s flexibly chain. End Lincoln Electric has set up itself in the course of the most recent 100-years as an effective organization and an ideal business. Lincoln Electric has built up a lot of methods and strategies that help to make it an attractive business; these incorporate the piece-rate pay program, the year-end reward and motivating force program, just as worker inclusion programs. Every one of these apparatuses fills in as a factor between the ward and the free factor. The free factors were characterized as inspiration and capacity work fit while the reliant factors were distinguished as non-appearance, turnover, work fulfillment and profitability will require vital control changes to adjust to the worldwide market to be serious by executing elective ontrol gauges by re-appropriating to proceed the company’s achievement (Buller Schuler, 2006). References Daft, R. L. (2010). Getting Management. (ninth ed. ). p. 560. Bricklayer, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. . Buller Schuler (2006). Overseeing associations and individuals: Cases in the board, Organizational conduct and human asset the executives. Bricklayer: Thomson South-Western. Lincoln Electric: A Case Study: Joe Attinello, Cali Cook, Alia Goss, Kurt Oliver, Mark Strom, Mike Torbenson Business 305Linda Gibson. October 7, 2005. Recovered from www. plu. edu

Role of Banks in the Economic Development Essay Example for Free

Job of Banks in the Economic Development Essay Bank: An association, normally an organization, contracted by a state or government, which does most or the entirety of the accompanying: gets request stores and time stores, respects instruments drawn on them, and pays enthusiasm on them; limits notes, makes credits, and puts resources into protections; gathers checks,drafts, and notes; guarantees contributors checks; and issues drafts and clerks checks. Highlights of Bank: †¢ Money Dealing †¢ Acceptance of Deposit †¢ Grant of advance and advances †¢ Payment and withdrawal of stores †¢ Transfer of assets †¢ Portfolio the executives †¢ Foreign Exchange managing Banking; By and large terms, the business movement of tolerating and shielding cash claimed by others and substance and afterward loaning out this cash so as to gain a benefit. Banking is a business of tolerating stores and loaning cash. It is completed by money related middle people, which plays out the elements of shielding stores and giving advances to the general population. As it were, Banking implies tolerating to loan or speculation of stores of cash from open repayable on request and can be pulled back by checks, draft request, etc. Banking Company: Any organization, which executes the matter of banking Banking System: Banking System is a primary component through which the cash flexibly of the nation is made and controlled. The financial framework empowers us to comprehend Commercial Banks, Secondary Banks, Central Banks, Merchant Bank or Accepting Houses and Discount Houses yet to bar the Saving Banks and Investment and different delegates. Number and kinds of Banks: The quantity of banks in all currently remains at 49 in Bangladesh. Out of the 49 banks, four are Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs), 28 neighborhood private business banks, 12 outside banks and the rest five are Development Financial Institutions (DFIs). Sonali Bank is the biggest among the NCBs while Pubali is driving in the private ones. Among the 12 remote banks, Standard Chartered has gotten the biggest in the nation. Other than the planned banks, Samabai (Cooperative) Bank, Ansar-VDP Bank, Karmasansthan (Employment) Bank and Grameen bank are working in the monetary part. The quantity of all out parts of every single booked bank is 6,038 as of June 2000. Of the branches, 39.95 percent (2,412) are situated in the urban territories and 60.05 percent (3,626) in the country zones. Of the branches NCBs hold 3,616, private business banks 1,214, outside banks 31 and particular banks 1,177. Bangladesh Bank (BB) directs and oversees the exercises everything being equal. The BB is currently doing a change program to guarantee quality administrations by the banks. Business Bank: A bank offering financial records, investment accounts, testaments of store, individual and business credits, and other, comparable administrations. Business banks charge expenses as well as enthusiasm for a significant number of their administrations, however they may pay enthusiasm on different administrations. A retail bank is frequently an individual part of a business bank where one may acquire these administrations. The fundamental elements of business banks: The primary elements of business banks are tolerating stores from the general population and propelling them credits. In any case, other than these capacities there are numerous different capacities which these banks perform. Every one of these capacities can be separated under the accompanying heads: 1. Tolerating Deposits: The most significant capacity of business banks is to acknowledge stores from general society. Different segments of society, as per their necessities and monetary condition, store their reserve funds with the banks. For instance, fixed and low pay bunch individuals store their reserve funds in modest quantities from the perspectives of security, salary and sparing advancement. Then again, brokers and businesspeople store their investment funds in the banks for the accommodation of installment. 3. Over-Draft: Banks advance credits to its customer’s up-to a specific sum through over-drafts, if there are no stores in the present record. For this banks request a security from the clients and charge extremely high pace of premium. 4. Limiting of Bills of Exchange: This is the most common and significant strategy for propelling advances to the brokers for transient purposes. Under this framework, banks advance advances to the merchants and business firms by limiting their bills. Thusly, agents get advances based on their bills of trade before the hour of their development. 5. Speculation of Funds: The banks put their excess assets in three kinds of securitiesâ€Government protections, other affirmed protections and different protections. Government protections incorporate both, focal and state governments, for example, treasury charges, national investment funds authentication and so forth. Different protections incorporate protections of state related bodies like power sheets, lodging sheets, debentures of Land Development Banks units of UTI, portions of Regional Rural banks and so on. 6. Organization Functions: Banks work as specialists and agents of their clients. Clients give their assent for performing such capacities. The significant elements of these sorts are as per the following: 1. Banks gather checks, drafts, bills of trade and profits of the offers for their clients. 2. Banks make installment for their customers and now and again acknowledge the bills of trade: of their clients for which installment is made at the fixed time. 3. Banks pay protection premium of their clients. Other than this, they likewise store credit portions, personal expense, intrigue and so forth according to headings. 4. Banks buy and sell protections, offers and debentures for the benefit of their clients. 5. Banks organize to send cash starting with one spot then onto the next for the comfort of their clients. 7. Different Functions: Besides the capacities referenced above, banks perform numerous different elements of general utility which are as per the following: 1. Banks make game plan of storage spaces for the sheltered care of significant resources of their clients, for example, gold, silver, authoritative archives and so on 2. Banks give reference for their clients. 3. Banks gather vital and valuable measurements identifying with exchange and industry. 4. For encouraging remote exchange, banks attempt to sell and buy outside trade. 5. Banks prompt their customers identifying with speculation choices as master 6. Bank does the under-composing of offers and debentures too. 7. Banks issue letters of credit. 8. During regular disasters, banks are exceptionally helpful in preparing assets and gifts. 9. Banks give credits to shopper durables like Car, Air-conditioner, and Fridge and so on. National Bank: The substance answerable for managing the fiscal framework for a country (or gathering of countries). National banks have a wide scope of obligations, from supervising money related arrangement to actualizing explicit objectives, for example, cash steadiness, low expansion and full business. National banks additionally for the most part issue cash, work as the bank of the legislature, direct the credit framework, administer business banks, oversee trade holds and go about as a loan specialist after all other options have run out. Capacity of Central Bank: In the financial and banking arrangement of a nation, national bank possesses focal position and maybe, it is a direct result of this reality this called as the national bank. Along these lines, this bank fills in as an establishment whose fundamental target is to control and manage cash flexibly keeping in see the government assistance of the individuals. National bank is a foundation that satisfies the credit needs of banks and other acknowledge organization, which woks as investor to the banks and the administration and which work for the monetary enthusiasm of the nation. 1. Imposing business model of note issue: Note issue principally is the primary capacity of a national bank in each nation. Nowadays, in all the nations where there is a national bank by and large it has the syndication of the sole right important issue. Before all else this was not the capacity of national bank, yet steadily all the national bank gas obtains this capacity. There are numerous points of interest of the note issue by national banks some significant ones are: 1. National bank controls the credit making intensity of business bank. By controlling the measure of cash available for use, the volume of credit can be controlled to a serious enormous degree. 2. Individuals have more trust in the money gave by the control bank since it has the assurance and acknowledgment of the legislature. 3. In case of imposing business model of note issue of national bank, there will be consistency in the cash framework in the nation. 4. The cash of the nation will be adaptable if the national bank of the nation has the imposing business model of note issue since national bank can realize changes from the get-go in the volume of paper cash as indicated by the necessities of business, industry and wrecks. 5. The arrangement of note issue has a few preferences. On the off chance that the national bank of the nation has the imposing business model of note issue, every single such preferred position will gather to the administration. 2. Brokers, Agent and Adviser to the Government: As investor to the administration, national bank gives every one of those administration and offices to the administration which open gets from the normal banks. It works the record of the open endeavor. It troughs government departmental endeavor and government reserves and where there is a need offers credit to the legislature. Now and again, national bank guidance the legislature on fiscal, banking and monetary issues. 3. Overseer of Cash Reserve of Commercial Bank: Central bank is the bank of banks. This implies it has a similar relationship with the business banks in the nation that they gave with their clients. It gives security to their money saves, give them credit at the period of scarcity, offers them guidance on budgetary and monetary issue and work as clearing house among different individuals bank. 4. Overseer of Nation’s Reserve of International: Central bank is the caretaker o

Baseball vs. Football - Free Essay Example

All sports have similarities, whether its the equipment used during the games, the season lengths, or the career lengths. The mental and physical aspects of the sports balance out depending on the athlete and how invested they are into what theyre doing. Baseball and football have many similarities as well as differences. Baseball includes not only physical but mental strength to be able to not only compete but to develop the ability to reach the peak of an athletic career. In this sport, thinking about the basic needed materials are mainly needing a baseball, a bat and a glove, and a place to play. What is not taken into consideration is the other equipment that is used. The equipment that is not always seen in an actual game. Such as the tees used to hit off of. Also the pitching machines that are used for either taking swings for practice as well as pop flys and ground balls for defensive purposes. There are also many more types of equipment that have been invented to help prepare an athlete in bettering his game to perform at his highest level. As stated on the website, Daily Caller, the first professional baseball game was played in June of 1846 in New Jersey. Although baseball has been around for several centuries now, it still continues to develop each year and become a bigger industry. Once it reached its most popular point to where it was not only being broadcasted on the radio, but on the television as well. People began to travel far and wide to experience the games in the stadiums. Baseball was also considered an All-American sport. Not only did it begin to sweep the nation, but made milestones within racial diversities as well. A MLB baseball season is played out by multiple series throughout the year. For example a team will play another team usually a best of three series. Sometimes they will even play up to either four or five games. Throughout the whole year they will continue to do this to make up for the 162 game season they play. During those games they will play teams in their division and also out of their division. Their records rank them in the division and determines who will continue playing at the end of the year when the postseason begins. After the post season begins the teams out of each division will advance on to the postseason. However if there is a tie-breaker between two teams they will have to play a one game for elimination to see which team advances. That game is known as, Game 163. After all ties are settled the teams move on to the postseason. There is where they are put into a bracket and each of the eight teams play to be crowned champions of the World Series. Now there are two different leagues between these eight teams. There is the American League and the National League. Four teams from each side. On each side teams will play in different division series. First there is the ALDS/NLDS which is the American and National League Division series. This series is a best of five. Following that is the ALCS/NLCS. That is the American and National League Championship Series. Whoever is to win that series from each side, which is a best of seven series. Will be crowned champion of their league. Then the two remaining teams, one from the American league and the other from the National League will go on to play in the World Series Championship. The winner of this best of seven series will go on to be called the World Series Champions of that season. After the year and throughout the year many will announce retirement. Majority because of age and some other because of injury. As well as others who didnt make it because of poor agency marketing. But the career length of a baseball player is much more than that of a football player. That happens to be because footba ll is a much more intense sport of contact. According to Science Daily, the average career length for a baseball player is 5.6 years. If that person is having successful years. If not then the persons career could be shorter. Football is also a sport that requires physical and mental strength. But there is more to the sport than just those two attributes. These players need equipment as well. But the type of equipment is much different. Yes, they still have cleats, gloves, and helmets. But there wouldnt it be strange if baseball players wore shoulder pads. Also the equipment they use for practice is not the same. They have tackling dummies that they use to enhance their tackling skills. Also there are chutes and sleds that they use which help them act like they are running through a defending tackler. Also it helps them develop quicker feet for in game routines. Which is something that isnt as big of a deal for baseball. I mentioned for baseball that a tee was needed to hit off of. Well in football they also use tees. But these tees are made differently and serve different purposes. A tee in football is used for kicking. On kickoffs it is used as a holding device for the football. Also on extra points and field goals they use a flat tee to set the ball on to help the kicker get under the ball. Now the season is not near as long as baseballs season. If a football season lasted even half as long as a baseball season many players would not have a very long career due to injury and fatigue to the body. The NFL season has 17 weeks of regular season games. They are also broken into two different divisions. There is the NFC and the AFC, which stands for the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. Out of those two divisions the top six teams make it into the playoffs bracket. The top two seeds get a bye straight into the divisional rounds. The other four seeds, three through six play in a Wild Card series. The winners of the wild card series move on to play the one and two seeds in the divisional rounds. Then they will play those games and the winners move on into the Conference Championship. At this point there are four total teams left. Two from the NFC and two from the AFC. The winner of these rounds will be named the Conference Champions and move on to play in the Super bowl. The winner of that game will be the Super Bowl Champions of that season. Now as we know there is an end to everything. As bad as these guys would like to continue to play, they understand that there is a time where enough is enough. The average career length in the nfl is 3.3 years as mentioned on the Statistics Portal. It comes down to the fact that our bodies can only handle so much. With most of these careers this was the cause. Playing in the league for so long took an effect ive toll on players bodies which forced them to retire. Other because they had sustained an injury so bad that they couldnt physically step back on the field. Then there are the ones that have been playing for a lengthy amount of years, and age causes them to go out of the game to enjoy the rest of their life on their successful careers. So as you can tell the two games over many different experiences. They have their different styles of equipment, and ways of using it. As well as the different type of seasons they play. Whether its in the regular season, or the postseason, the games are still played differently. Then there are the careers and how long they last. As well as some of the causes that bring ends to to their careers.

The Mafias Money Laundering - 988 Words

Money Laundering The term money laundering is said to create from Mafia possession of Laundromats in the United States. Gangsters there were earning huge sums in cash from extortion, prostitution, gambling and bootleg liquor. They needed to demonstrate a legitimate source for these monies. ‘Money laundering is the process by which criminals try to conceal the true origion and ownership of the proceeds of their criminal activity, allowing them to maintain control over the proceeds and, in the end, providing a legitimate cover for their sources of income’. In the 1980’s, money laundering was considered only as interest basically with drug trackling backgrund. It created trouble in western society, because the profit genration was increasing from criminal activities. Therefore, there was a force from society to take action against drug dealers by introducing legislation that would remove them of their illegal gains. Government soon identified that criminal organizations, which made massive profits from drugs, could corrupt the system of state at all levels. Money laundering is a worldwide trend, supported by international society which is a 24hrs a day business. If one closes, another opens for business. As a 1993 UN Report noted: The essential features of laundering of profits of crime are its global nature, the flexibility and adapbility of its operations. These make the crime in an organized manner. Moreover, a very important point which should not be ignored at any costShow MoreRelatedThe Mafia Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagessystem does not function very well in Italy. And where there is no law, there is no sin (www.bestofsicily.com).† In the 1930’s, when the Fascists rose to power in Italy, Mussolini had most of Cosa Nostra thrown in jail. This gave way to the Mafia’s sympathy to the American cause, or at least their hostility to the fascist one. â€Å"In reality, the relationship between the Fascists and the Mafia was that of one group of criminals pitted against another–-two wolves fighting over the same chickenRead MoreThe Origins Of The American Mafia1711 Words   |  7 Pagesmanufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol was strictly banned. The budding American Mafia took this as a business opportunity and turned to bootlegging. They were incredibly successful at this and their crime regime also grew to include money laundering, smuggling, and bribing officials. Meanwhile in Italy, the Sicilian Mafia was in a battle with Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini, which led to several members immigrating to America and joined in on the bootlegging business. While theRead MoreLaw Enfor cement, US Military, and Terrorism923 Words   |  4 Pagesnot limited to, extortion, abduction, human smuggling, prostitution, drug trafficking, theft money laundering, and fraud. Furthermore, the Russian Mafia is heavily involved in scams such as healthcare and strategic commodities fraud, and credit card, insurance securities, and investment fraud. They are also involved in tax evasion and energy price rigging (17). In the United States, the Russian Mafias criminal activities have forced the FBI to establish special task forces in New York City, NewRead MoreEssay on The Mafia: Wealth and Politics in the 19201549 Words   |  7 PagesCapone is reputed to have amassed and inherited a fortune in excess of twenty million dollars through his illegal activities (Bequai 40). He then laundered his money through personal banks, real estate firms, hotels, and a number of other legal investments he operated. The American government saw none of their share of this blood money ; Capone never bothered with taxes. After years of futilely trying to incriminate him with Mafia activities, Capone was finally sent to Alcatraz for tax evasionRead More New England Patriarca Mafia Essay2693 Words   |  11 PagesPatriarca mafia is rooted in the efforts of Gaspare Messina. In 1916, Messina created the New England mafia and died in 1924. Succeeded by Filippo (Phil Buccola) Brucolla, most of the mafia’s inc ome was coming from mob staples such as loansharking, numbers-fixing, and bootlegging. Starting at the top of the mafia’s pyramid-like structure is the national commission*, then the boss*, underboss*, consiglieri*, Caporegime*, soldiers*, associates*, and protectors*. In 1931, Bucolla gained the respectRead More THe Mafia Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagescharges of stock fraud and money laundering. Sex probably rates higher than whiskey in desirability, and so organized crime moved into illegal prostitution. these are just a spoonful or what the Mafia does. Racketeering; fraud; car theft; robbery; armed assault; drug dealing; trafficking in weapons and radioactive material; trafficking in human beings and exploitation through prostitution; alien smuggling; smuggling of precious and antique goods; extortion for protection money; gambling; embezzling fromRead MoreThe Russian Mafia Essay1794 Words   |  8 Pagesimaginable kind of criminal activity from drug trafficking and mon ey laundering to protectionism, which penetrates into every area of society. Under the laws of the Soviet Union, the regulations were strong and external. Now the external regulators have disappeared allowing the Russian Mafia to exceedingly enlarge its strength and influence especially with the accelerated speed of privatization without legal safeguards. The Russian Mafias effect on the Russian economy through protectionism can be viewedRead MoreOrganized Crime Goroup Analysis2221 Words   |  9 Pagesmove smoothly without issue. Trains, ships, air crafts, and motor vehicles are just a few ways in which drugs transported across borders. Political leaders and government officials offered a substantial amount of money, political power, or protection, to ignore, and assist with the Mafias illegal drug trade. The La Cosa Nostra (LCN), is the most prominent Italian organized crime group operating in the United States. Within the LCN, there are five principal crime families. The five principal

Canada s Health Care System - 3104 Words

Introduction When health care is the case, the majority refers to Canada as a country with good health care. Canada might have free health care but this doesn’t mean that it serves its purpose without any flaws. As we all know some countries are well known all around the world for their health care system. Specifically talking about Canada’s health care system, there are many pros and cons that go with it. There are minor problems concerning health care, but for now we will talk about the major ones. What is obvious is that advantages of the health care system in Canada are more then the disadvantages. According to (Carol, 2011), Canada was ranked number 30th for best health care system out of 191 countries. It is a shame that neither†¦show more content†¦Waiting in the emergency line of the hospital is even worse. In some cases patients have to wait for more then 10 hours. This is ridiculous! When a patient goes to emergency, it is urgent and cannot wait. One of the reason s for this is that hospitals are packed, and this is a disadvantage of free health care. For example, what if a patients sickness get worse or God forbid the patient dies while waiting for treatment. Who is going to be responsible for this? The answer is simple, it will be the government. For example, Statistics Canada found that about one fifth of patients who visited a specialist, and about 11 per cent of those waiting for non-emergency surgery, were adversely affected by their wait. Many reported experiencing worry, stress, anxiety, pain, and difficulties with daily activities. (Barua, 2014). It is not easy to solve this problem, but somebody has to put their autrhoity on the table. One way to help with wait-times could be to work more organized. When we go to our local hospital there is just one emergency section, I think that there should be more emergency areas and each one should have different degree of urgency, even tough most hospitals have fast track areas to take care of non-urgent patients. So maybe the less severe in one area and the really crucial ones in another. Wait times is

Market Entry Strategy Healthcare Services

Question: Discuss about the Market Entry Strategy for Healthcare Services. Answer: Introduction Expansion of business outside its host country needs a lot of deliberations before investment is made as the amount involved is huge. Companies in any field need to analyse the risks and opportunities associated with that country before venturing into it. Apart from looking at the country from a macro perspective, it should be looked at in a micro perspective as well. The said report concentrates upon the expansion plan of a pharmaceutical company of Australia who is looking at expanding its business in China or South Africa depending upon the possible opportunities the market proposes and the available risks that the company has to face. Basis this analysis a country would be chosen and then an entry mode is suggested which would help the company to enter the market without losing on its investment. Herron Pharmaceuticals- Background Herron Pharmaceuticals is an Australian pharmaceutical company which manufactures pharmaceutical and natural healthcare items. It is a subsidiary of Sigma Pharmaceuticals. It was founded two decades ago and they are well known for producing medicines such as Paracetamol and Ibuprofen two of the most renowned medicines for fever. They even produce an entire range of vitamin tablets for kids and range of baby care products such a nappy rash cream. The said company is planning to expand its business globally. For the same it is looking at either of the two markets- China and South Africa. Both the markets are very lucrative but a detailed analysis of the possible risks and opportunities have to be done of the two countries so that the most apt choice can be made for the same. China- An Opportunistic Market China is one of the largest pharmaceutical markets in the world but due to its population it is still defined as an immature market. However in the next ten years the pharmaceutical industry of the country may grow leaps and bounds. Stimulus for the same is the improving research and development activities, the skilled labour force, and awareness amongst the people about the importance of taking care of health, government participation and development of the economic conditions. Even though the pace at which the growth of the pharmaceutical market of China may vary but various eminent observers such as the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) and IMS Health are very positive about Chinas pharmaceutical market. The opportunities in the China market are viewed as under: The increase in the ageing population of China is one of the biggest opportunities it provides to the pharmaceutical companies across the globe. The population of China is expected to be the highest by the end of the year 2016 of which although the elderly population is low but is expected to be at a percentage of 9.7 which is an increase of around 1% in the last five years. The ageing population will naturally demand for more health related assistance due to weak immunity system. The present statistics reveal that around 23% to 40% comprise of elderly people who constitute the prescription drug market and half a century of the population demand for over the counter drug market. The second carrot for Herron Pharmaceuticals for investing in the Chinese market is the low manufacturing and selling expenses that the country offers. The market is seen growing at an average rate of 20% per year and there are no signs of slowing down of the same. There has been an upsurge in the RD area of China because of lower costs, larger patent pool, increment in the capabilities of the scientists who produce drugs and the enhanced knowledge of the local players in the industry (Ispirit Business Solutions, 2016). The said market is preferred the most due to lack of too much of emphasis on regulatory requirements as compared to other countries across the globe. China is one such market which has always welcomed the foreign drug players and has won the hearts of the customers against the domestic standardized brands. This also gives a big opportunity to the global market players to invest in China. Last but not the least, the process of formation of a company or setting up of a distribution and manufacturing channel is simpler. It gives options to the companies to obtain a Drug manufacturing License or a Drug Distribution License or both after incorporation as well. Secondly the price controls that were put by the Chinese Government over around a quarter of a percentage medicines have been lifted (cphi.com., 2016). Risks Involved in The Chinese Market Along with the potential opportunities which the Chinese market offers to the pharmaceutical industry players which give it a nod to invest in China, there lie some risks which cannot be wade off. These risks should be analysed in detail before investing in the Chinese pharmaceutical sector. To enumerate a few: The biggest risk being faced by the pharmaceutical companies in China are the investigations which are being conducted in this industry. For example Glaxo SmithKline which has been one of the pre-dominant players in the Chinese pharmaceutical industry is under great vigilance and has been caught for instances of bribery and corruption which has affected its sales (Caroll, 2013). A state-run campaign in China has led to lowering of the drug prices in the country thus affecting the sales. The Chinas government run health insurance funds are forced to negotiate with the drug suppliers for the prices because of the increase in the ageing population and the diseases (Bulloch, 2016). Thirdly the economic growth of the country has suffered a hit, i.e. it is growing in a very staggered manner which has led to slowing down of the premiums that people used to pay for medical insurance (Harris, 2014). Fourthly the introduction of bidding in order to sell medicines in public hospitals has hurt both domestic as well as foreign pharmaceutical companies. Due to this the local companies are seen to be in a better position thus hitting the investments of various international companies (Bloomberg 2016). Opportunities in The Market of South Africa The South African market is also a lucrative market for the foreign companies to invest into. The country offers various opportunities which are enlisted below. They are as under: The domestic production in Africa is very low which gives room to the foreign entrants. The issues that the domestic market faces can be used as an opportunity by the foreign players such as lack of better research and development capabilities and shortfall in the capital and the domestic skills which these foreign companies possess. Further the support of the government to the local pharmaceutical companies is also an opportunity based on which these foreign companies can get a hold to the South African market (Holt et.al. 2015). Urbanization is yet another reason for investing in the South African Market. Within a decade it is expected that nearly two-fifths of the economic growth is expected to come from thirty cities. The purchasing power is very high and people in those cities are inclined towards buying expensive and modern medicines (Taylor, 2013). Expansion of pharmaceutical companies in South Africa is lucrative also because of an increase in the health care facilities such as addition of hospital beds, new doctors and nurses. The count is in thousands. The government of South Africa has contributed a lot for the development of pharma sector which has opened room for greater foreign investment. The drug approval process was very slow in the country which has now speed up. The Medicines Control Council is being replaced by South African Health Products Regulatory Agency (SAHPRA) which has emerged as a major contributor for providing incentives to the foreign pharmaceutical companies. The registration process was one of the major concerns for the foreign entities which will be addressed by this agency. It will reduce the time gap from five years to one year (PR Newswire, 2013). Risks Involved in the South African Market Even though the market of South Africa may seem to be lucrative from a foreign investors view point yet the same also poses risks which cannot be ignored. Some of the prominent issues faced are enumerated as under: The biggest risk that the foreign entrants may face is in the wake of the support by the government to the local pharmaceutical companies. Export is very low, which clearly indicates that whatever is produced is consumed within the country itself. Government has announced that first mover advantage would be given to the local pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in case of awarding of National tenders for the supply of medicines. The companies here operate on a very low margin of profit. Although the risk of failure is very low because of income guarantee as the chances of changes in the input costs are very low as well. Thus for foreign entrants the market is not very attractive due to low margins and in some cases no margins at all (Singh, 2012). The phased roll out of the National Health Insurance Scheme by the government of South Africa is one of the biggest reasons deterring the foreign investors to invest in the pharmaceutical segment. The government has plans to build an indigenous manufacturing plant for generic drugs and is expected to be in operation (Oxford Business Group, 2014). China As The Preferred Destination Country I being an international operations manager of the company, on analysing the various risks and opportunities associated with China and South Africa would conclude that China seems to be a more lucrative market for investment. Factors such as low cost production, adequacy of availability of the number of labour, government regulations, population of the country, support of the masses to the foreign pharmaceutical companies and most importantly the infrastructure facilities available all are major deciding factors. However political, economic cultural and ethical risks are equally important decisive factors. Both the countries have risks and opportunities attached but on analysing the two it are found that China is more preferable as an investment country since the demand for health care amenities, drugs and medicines have increased manifolds. The governments support is stronger in South Africa due to which it is difficult or at least time taking to break through the market of South Africa as compared to that of China. The economic growth although slowing down but not as much as that of South Africa also makes it an attractive country. More importantly China is viewed as a country which is capable of producing low cost medicines and provide better infrastructure which is the need for any manufacturing firm. The next important criterion which weighs the Chinese Market above the South African market is the high-end research and development facilities. Although South Africa also offers an increase in the amount of health care amenities yet it is far behind than that offered by China. Theref ore on studying these issues in depth it is clear that our company should invest in the Chinese market as its strategy of expansion. Strategy to Enter The Chinese Market The best part about entering the Chinese market is the warm welcome which the people of china give to the foreign enterprises in spite of stricter government regulations and regime. Even though it is said to be one of the most difficult markets to penetrate into, the same is still possible. For the same we should study the strategies adopted by various foreign firms which would provide an aid to our company to plan an effective entry into the market of China. We should aim at entering the Tier 1 companies as a testing ground. Off lately Chinas Tier 2 cities have also developed a lot and is an attractive market for us. As in the case of Bluepharma which had been looking at China as an investment country since long first and foremost understood how it can succeed since the market is not too sensitive towards price fluctuations. It understood that in order to have a hold in China it has to enter into a partnership agreement with a Chinese partner which would ease the drug registration process and further partnership with others who would aid distribution of the drugs in China. Thus according to me we should firstly appoint a consultant from China who would enable us to find some good potential Chinese business partners for distribution and research and development This partnership would help us to understand which medicine is in high demand, which medicines are rarely available but of need and what kind of advertisements and selling strategies would attract the customers (EUSME Centre, 2012). Secondly to ensure ease in registration we should next find a Chinese partner who would help us in the same. Then we need to get Clinical Trials conducted in China even if the same is well known and accredited in other countries in the world. Therefore all thee can be possible if we enter into a joint venture with a Chinese partner who would hold a Drug Supply Certificate and enable such imports easily. Thirdly we should enter into a partnership only with such marketing agencies who are well known in China and the same differs state wise. We also need to understand the products whose patents have expired as it could be a good market for our products. Fourthly is the staff which we intend to hire. The lower level staff should be hired from local areas only but it is preferable to have at least one Chinese officer in the higher management there who would be well versed with the language and culture necessary to survive in China (Chitour, 2013). Lastly the most important part of our strategy or entering the Chinese market should be International Property Rights (IPR) Strategy. Violation of the IPR in China is very common thus we should consult lawyers and the IPR specialists to help in managing the said risk. The patent registration should be done at the earliest as this is the area which is most bleak. Therefore these are the basic strategies which according to me should be adopted in order to enter the Chinese market. Conclusion Thus on a concluding note I would like to reiterate over the fact that although both the markets China and South Africa have their own risks and opportunities which deter us to invest yet the Chinese market seems to be more lucrative due to the support it shows to the foreign companies. Not only citizens but the government itself welcomes foreign entities with a view to see an upsurge in their economic scenario. Though some restrictions are there which is necessary for the protection of the countrys economic growth but they are such restrictions which are acceptable by any new entrant. Therefore on a concluding note I would like to cast my opinion for China as a profitable and rewarding market to enter into. References: Caroll, D., (2013), Is Big Pharma Setting up for a China Sales Catastrophe?, Available at https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/09/19/is-big-pharma-setting-up-for-a-china-sales-catastr.aspx (Accessed 02nd September 2016) cphi.com., (2016), China Pharma Industry, Available at https://www.cphi.com/china/visit/why-visit/china-pharma-industry (Accessed 03rd September 2016) Bloomberg, (2016), Chinas Drug Price Cuts are Hitting Big Pharma Where It Hurts, Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-08/big-pharma-s-china-dream-meets-reality-of-price-cutting-campaign (Accessed 03rd September 2016) Bulloch, D., (2016), Chinas War on Big Pharma Exposes The Mirage of Market Access, Available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/douglasbulloch/2016/05/25/big-pharma-in-the-china-trade-market-or-mirage/#4c30655b368e (Accessed 03rd September 2016) Chitour, H.L., (2013), Big Pharma In China- The Driving Forces behind Their Success- A Qualitative Analysis, Chinese Studies, vol. 2, no.4, pp. 169-177 EUSME Centre, (2012), Bluepharma Entering the Chinese pharmaceutical market, Available at https://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/casestudy_bluepharma.pdf (Accessed 03rd September 2016) Harris, D., (2014), Does a Prudent Market Entry Strategy for Healthcare Services in China Exist, Available at https://www.chinalawblog.com/2014/09/does-a-prudent-market-entry-strategy-for-healthcare-services-in-china-exist.html (Accessed 03rd September 2016) Holt, T., Lahrichi, M., Santos de Silva, J., (2015), Africa: A Continent of opportunity for pharma and patients, Available at https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/pharmaceuticals-and-medical-products/our-insights/africa-a-continent-of-opportunity-for-pharma-and-patients (Accessed 03rd September 2016) Ispirit Business Solutions, (2016), Should you be Investing in Chinese Pharma Sector?, Available at https://www.ispiritsolutions.com/blog-should-you-be-investing-in-chinese-pharma-sector/ (Accessed 02nd September 2016) Oxford Business Group, (2014), South Africas pharmaceutical industry braced for change, Available at https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/south-africa%E2%80%99s-pharmaceutical-industry-braced-change (Accessed 03rd September 2016) PR Newswire, (2013), Emerging Pharmaceutical Market in South Africa Proposed Introduction of New Drug Regulatory Agency (SAHPRA) to Accelerate Drug Registration Process, Available at https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/emerging-pharmaceutical-market-in-south-africa---proposed-introduction-of-new-drug-regulatory-agency-sahpra-to-accelerate-drug-registration-process-190181371.html (Accessed 03rd September 2016) Singh, S., (2012), Pharmaceutical industry risk review, Available at https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/398/79671.html (Accessed 03rd September 2016) Taylor, L., (2013), South Africa Pharma market to grow 5.8% / year to 2020, Available at https://www.pharmatimes.com/news/south_africa_pharma_market_to_grow_5.8year_to_2020_1004187 (Accessed 03rd September 2016)

The Whole Person Paradigm free essay sample

The Whole Person Paradigm Knowing oneself is the first step for the improvement of one’s personality. For us do better, we must first accept the things we are better at and the things we are the least, in short, identify your potentials, harness it with your passion and overcome your weaknesses. Personally one of the best traits that I feel I have is the urge for learning new things and adopting what can be really used. I can say that I am good in speaking, planning, organizing which I can use more in the teaching profession. Most of my former teachers who are presently my co-teachers often say that I have most of the talents and skills far better to be an excellent educator but still have to work on my attitude. They say I’m the â€Å"jack of all trades† which means having to know most but haven’t perfected or mastered some. We will write a custom essay sample on The Whole Person Paradigm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most people are easy saying things they believed they are good at but failed to accept the things they lacked with, and the worse, afraid to face the weaknesses they had. Second strength that I gained through experience is converting weakness as my strength by means of facing and learning from them. I do now believed that I should revalue attitude sided by skills and not to tend to forget the first. Number one is to add my patience, perseverance and love of work to anything accepted and took an oath to do, my responsibilities and duty. As a teacher, a learner, an educator and as a researcher I can touch lives by setting as an example of my persistence, patience and the willingness to help others. At the moment I’m assessing myself, it took me couple of days where to start on how to describe my life and end up hearing a song which I think best describes my life in that moment. The Climb-Myley Cyrus I can almost see it- To widen your vision in life. That dream I’m dreaming of I had a chance to redefine what are my dreams and goals at time being. There’s a voice inside my head said You’ll never reach it- I had the courage to continue personal progress. Every step I’m taking Every move I’m make me with Lost with no direction- I had set my time table and set target. My faith is shaking- My faith grows more. But I got to keep trying. Got to keep my head hailed high-Confidence together with hard work inside me matures. There’s always gonna be another mountain Never to lose hope and faith in God I’m always gonna wanna make it move†¦ Keep on moving†¦- Never to stop learning and believing.

How to Separate the JavaScript in Your Web Page

How to Separate the JavaScript in Your Web Page When you first write a new JavaScript the easiest way to set it up is to embed the JavaScript code directly into the web page so that everything is in the one place while you test it to get it working right. Similarly, if you are inserting a pre-written script into your website the instructions may tell you to embed parts or all of the script into the web page itself. This is okay for setting up the page and getting it to work properly in the first place but once your page is working the way that you want it you will be able to improve the page by extracting the JavaScript into an external file so that your page content in the HTML isnt so cluttered with non-content items such as JavaScript. If you just copy and use JavaScripts written by other people then their instructions on how to add their script to your page may have resulted in your having one or more large sections of JavaScript actually embedded into your web page itself and their instructions dont tell you how you can move this code out of your page into a separate file and still have the JavaScript work. Dont worry though because regardless of what code the JavaScript you are using in your page you can easily move the JavaScript out of your page and set it up as a separate file (or files if you have more than one piece of JavaScript embedded in the page). The process for doing this is always the same and is best illustrated with an example. Lets look at how a piece of JavaScript might look when embedded in your page. Your actual JavaScript code will be different from that shown in the following examples but the process is the same in every case. Example One script typetext/javascript if (top.location ! self.location) top.location self.location; /script Example Two script typetext/javascript! if (top.location ! self.location) top.location self.location; // /script Example Three script typetext/javascript /* ![CDATA[ */ if (top.location ! self.location) top.location self.location; /* ]] */ /script Your embedded JavaScript should look something like one of the above three examples. Of course, your actual JavaScript code will be different from that shown but the JavaScript will probably be embedded into the page using one of the above three methods. In some cases, your code may use the outdated languagejavascript instead of typetext/javascript in which case you may want to bring your code more up to date to start with by replacing the language attribute with the type one. Before you can extract the JavaScript into its own file you first need to identify the code to be extracted. In all three of the above examples, there are two lines of actual JavaScript code to be extracted. Your script will probably have a lot more lines but can be readily identified because it will occupy the same place within your page as the two lines of JavaScript that we have highlighted in the above three examples (all three of the examples contain the same two lines of JavaScript, it is just the container around them that is slightly different). The first thing you need to do to actually extract the JavaScript into a separate file is to open a plain text editor and access the content of your web page. You then need to locate the embedded JavaScript that will be surrounded by one of the variations of code shown in the above examples.Having located the JavaScript code you need to select it and copy it to your clipboard. With the above example, the code to be selected is highlighted, you do not need to select the script tags or the optional comments that may appear around your JavaScript code.Open another copy of your plain text editor (or another tab if your editor supports opening more than one file at a time) and past the JavaScript content there.Select a descriptive filename to use for your new file and save the new content using that filename. With the example code, the purpose of the script is to break out of frames so an appropriate name could be  framebreak.js.So now we have the JavaScript in a separate file we return to the editor where we have the original page content to make the changes there to link to the external copy of the script. As we now have the script in a separate file we can remove everything between the script tags in our original content so that the /script;script tag immediately follows the script typetext/javascript tag.The final step is to add an extra attribute to the script tag identifying where it can find the external JavaScript. We do this using a  srcfilename  attribute. With our example script, we would specify srcframebreak.js.The only complication to this is if we have decided to store the external JavaScripts in a separate folder from the web pages that use them. If you do this then you need to add the path from the web page folder to the JavaScript folder in front of the filename. For example, if the JavaScripts are being stored in a  js  folder within the folder that holds our web pages we would need  srcjs/framebreak.js So what does our code look like after we have separated the JavaScript out into a separate file? In the case of our example JavaScript (assuming that the JavaScript and HTML are in the same folder) our HTML in the web page now reads: script typetext/javascript srcframebreak.js /script We also have a separate file called framebreak.js that contains: if (top.location ! self.location) top.location self.location; Your filename and file content will be a lot different from that because you will have extracted whatever JavaScript was embedded in your web page and given the file a descriptive name based on what it does. The actual process of extracting it will be the same though regardless of what lines it contains. What about those other two lines in each of examples two and three? Well, the purpose of those lines in example two is to hide the JavaScript from Netscape 1 and Internet Explorer 2, neither of which anyone uses any more and so those lines are not really needed in the first place. Placing the code in an external file hides the code from browsers that dont understand the script tag more effectively than surrounding it in an HTML comment anyway. The third example is used for XHTML pages to tell validators that the JavaScript should be treated as page content and not to validate it as HTML (if you are using an HTML doctype rather than an XHTML one then the validator already knows this and so those tags are not needed). With the JavaScript in a separate file there is no longer any JavaScript in the page to be skipped over by validators and so those lines are no longer needed. One of the most useful ways that JavaScript can be used to add functionality to a web page is to perform some sort of processing in response to an action by your visitor. The most common action that you want to respond to will be when that visitor clicks on something. The event handler that allows you to respond to visitors clicking on something is called  onclick. When most people first think about adding an  onclick  event handler to their web page they immediately think of adding it to an a tag. This gives a piece of code that often looks like: a href# onclickdosomething(); return false; This is the  wrong  way to use  onclick  unless you have an actual meaningful address in the  href  attribute so that those without JavaScript will be transferred somewhere when they click on the link. A lot of people also leave out the return false from this code and then wonder why the top of the current page always gets loaded after the script has run (which is what the href# is telling the page to do unless false is returned from all the event handlers. Of  course,  if you have something meaningful as the destination of the link then you may want to go there after running the  onclick  code and then you will not need the return false. What many people do not  realize  is that the  onclick  event handler can be added to  any  HTML tag in the web page in order to interact when your visitor clicks on that content. So if you want something to run when people click on an image you can use: img srcmyimg.gif onclickdosomething() If you want to run something when people click on some text you can use: span onclickdosomething()some text/span Of  course,  these dont give the automatic visual clue that there will be a response if your visitor clicks on them the way that a link does but you can add that visual clue easily enough yourself by styling the image or span appropriately. The other thing to note about these ways of attaching the  onclick  event handler is that they do not require the return false because there is no default action that will happen when the element is clicked on that needs to be disabled. These ways of attaching the  onclick  are a big improvement on the poor method that many people use but it is still a long way from being the best way of coding it. One problem with adding  onclick  using any of the above methods is that it is still mixing your JavaScript in with your HTML.  onclick  is  not  an HTML attribute, it is a JavaScript event handler. As such to separate our JavaScript from our HTML to make the page easier to maintain we need to get that  onclick  reference out of the HTML file into a separate JavaScript file where it belongs. The easiest way to do this is to replace the  onclick  in the HTML with an  id  that will make it easy to attach the event handler to the appropriate spot in the HTML. So our HTML might now contain one of these statements: img srcmyimg.gif idimg1 span idsp1some text/span We can then code the JavaScript in a separate JavaScript file that is either linked into the bottom of the body of the page or which is in the head of the page and where our code is inside a function that is itself called after the page finishes loading. Our JavaScript to attach the event handlers now looks like this: document.getElementById(img1).onclick dosomething; document.getElementById(sp1).onclick dosomething; One thing to note. You will notice that we have always written  onclick  entirely in lowercase. When coding the statement in their HTML you will see some people write it as onClick. This is wrong as the JavaScript event handlers names are all lowercase and there is no such handler as onClick. You can get away with it when you include the JavaScript inside your HTML tag directly since HTML is not case sensitive and the browser will map it across to the correct name for you. You cant get away with  the wrong  capitalization  in your JavaScript itself since the JavaScript is case sensitive and there is no such thing in JavaScript as onClick. This code is a huge improvement over the prior versions because we are now both attaching the event to the correct element within our HTML and we have the JavaScript completely separate from the HTML. We can improve on this even further though. The one problem that is remaining is that we can only attach one onclick event handler to a specific element. Should we at any time need to attach a different onclick event handler to the same element then the previously attached processing will no longer be attached to that element. When you are adding a variety of different scripts to your web page for different purposes there is at least a possibility that two or more of them may want to provide some processing to be performed when the same element is clicked on. The messy solution to this problem is to identify where this situation arises and to combine the processing that needs to be called together to a function that performs all of the processing. While clashes like this are less common with onclick than they are with onload, having to identify  the clashes in advance and combine them together is not the ideal solution. It is not a solution at all when the actual processing that needs to be attached to the element changes over time so that sometimes there is one thing to do, sometimes another, and sometimes both. The best solution is to stop using an event handler completely and to instead use a JavaScript event listener (along with the corresponding attachEvent for Jscript- since this is one of those situations where JavaScript and JScript  differ). We can do this most easily by first creating an addEvent function that will add either an event listener or attachment depending on which of the two that the language being run supports; function addEvent(el, eType, fn, uC) { if (el.addEventListener) { el.addEventListener(eType, fn, uC); return true; } else if (el.attachEvent) { return el.attachEvent(on eType, fn); } } We can now attach the processing that we want to have happen when our element is clicked on using: addEvent( document.getElementById(spn1), click,dosomething,false); Using this method of attaching the code to be processed when an element is clicked on means that making another addEvent call to add another function to be run when a specific element is clicked on will not replace the prior processing with the new processing but will instead allow both of the functions to be run. We have no need to know when calling an addEvent whether or not we already have a function attached to the element to run when it is clicked on, the new function will be run along with and functions that were previously attached. Should we need the ability to remove functions from what gets run when an element is clicked on then we could create a corresponding deleteEvent function that calls the appropriate function for removing an event listener or attached event? The one disadvantage of this last way of attaching the processing is those really old browsers do not support these relatively new ways of attaching event processing to a web page. There should be few enough people using such antiquated browsers by now to disregard them in what J(ava)Script we write apart from writing our code in such a way that it doesnt cause huge numbers of error messages. The above function is written so as to do nothing if neither of the ways it uses is supported. Most of these really old browsers do not support the getElementById method of referencing HTML either and so a simple  if (!document.getElementById) return false;  at the top of any of your functions which do such calls would also be appropriate. Of course, many people writing JavaScript are not so considerate of those still using antique browsers and so those users must be getting used to seeing JavaScript errors on almost every web page they visit by now. Which of these different ways do you use to attach processing into your page to be run when your visitors click on something? If the way you do it is nearer to the examples at the top of the page than to those examples at the bottom of the page then perhaps it is time you thought about improving the way you write your onclick processing to use one of the better methods presented lower down on the page. Looking at the code for the cross-browser event listener you will notice that there is a fourth parameter which we called  uC, the use of which isnt obvious from the prior description. Browsers have two different orders in which they can process events when the event is triggered. They can work from the outside inwards from the body tag in towards the tag that triggered the event or they can work from the inside out starting at the most specific tag. These two are called  capture  and  bubble  respectively and most browsers allow you to choose which order multiple processing should be run in by setting this extra parameter. uC true to process during the capture phaseuC false to process during the bubble phase. So where there are several other tags wrapped around the one that the event was triggered on the capture phase runs first starting with the outermost tag and moving in toward the one that triggered the event and then once the tag the event was attached to has been processed the bubble phase reverses the process and goes back out again. Internet Explorer and traditional event handlers always process the bubble phase and never the capture phase and so always start with the most specific tag and work outwards. So with event handlers: div onclickalert(a)div onclickalert(b)xx/div/div clicking on the  xx  would bubble out triggering the alert(b) first and the alert(a) second. If those alerts were attached using event listeners with uC true then all modern browsers except Internet Explorer would process the alert(a) first and then the alert(b).

Stock Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Stock Analysis - Research Paper Example The earnings per share (EPS) of the company are 5.08 and the company’s internal growth rate is expected to be 14.994%. The company’s sales and revenues are expected to grow at 5.00% and 7.80% respectively. Target is the second largest retailer in United States following Walmart. For the year ending 2012, the company has reported a net profit of US$ 2.93 billion from total sales of US$ 69.865 billion. The company’s operating profit for the year ending 2012 was over US$ 4.56 billion. The total assets and equity of the company as on Jan 2013 are US$ 46.63 billion and US$ 15.82 billion respectively. The company’s stocks are currently trading at $69.59 as on June 13, 2013. For the previous fiscal, the company paid dividends at rate 0.36. The EPS of the company are 4.26 which is less than that of Walmart. The company’s sales and revenues are expected to grow at 4.90% and 2.40% respectively. Kroger is the second largest retailer of United States in terms o f revenues. For the year ending 2012, the company has reported a net profit of US$ 602 million from total sales of US$ 90.35 billion. The company’s operating profit for the year ending 2012 was over US$ 1.27 billion. The total assets and equity of the company as on Jan 2013 are US$ 23.47 billion and US$ 3.98 billion respectively. The company’s stocks are currently trading at $ 35.06 as on June 13, 2013. ... Liquidity Ratios          Current Ratio 0.89 0.88 0.83 Quick Ratio 0.21 0.2 0.2 B. Efficiency Ratios          Days Sales Outstanding 3.99 4.5 4.94 Days Inventory 40.22 41.95 43.76 Payables Period 37.05 38.21 38.67 Cash Conversion Cycle 7.16 8.24 10.03 Receivables Turnover 91.38 81.07 73.85 Inventory Turnover 9.08 8.7 8.34 Fixed Assets Turnover 4.01 4.06 4.1 C. Profitability Ratios          Tax Rate % 32.2 32.56 31.01 Net Margin % 3.89 3.51 3.62 Asset Turnover (Average) 2.4 2.39 2.37 Return on Assets % 9.33 8.39 8.57 Financial Leverage (Average) 2.64 2.71 2.66 Return on Equity % 23.53 22.45 23.02 Return on Invested Capital % 12.92 11.63 12.1 TARGET RATIOS 2011 2012 2013 A. Liquidity Ratios          Current Ratio 1.71 1.15 1.17 Quick Ratio 0.78 0.47 0.06 B. Efficiency Ratios          Days Sales Outstanding 35.53 31.56 14.76 Days Inventory 57.88 58.61 56.58 Payables Period 51.46 50.94 49.75 Cash Conversion Cycle 41.95 39.23 21.58 Receivables Turnover 10.27 11.57 24.73 Inventory Turnover 6.31 6.23 6.45 Fixed Assets Turnover 2.65 2.56 2.45 C. Profitability Ratios          Tax Rate % 35.04 34.27 34.93 Net Margin % 4.33 4.19 4.09 Asset Turnover (Average) 1.53 1.55 1.55 Return on Assets % 6.62 6.48 6.33 Financial Leverage (Average) 2.82 2.95 2.91 Return on Equity % 18.94 18.71 18.52 Return on Invested Capital % 7.66 7.42 7.53 KROGER RATIOS 2011 2012 2013 A. Liquidity Ratios          Current Ratio 0.94 0.8 0.72 Quick Ratio 0.21 0.21 0.2 B. Efficiency Ratios          Days Sales Outstanding 3.89 3.62 3.77 Days Inventory 28.17 25.73 24.36 Payables Period 23.17 21.84 21.02 Cash Conversion Cycle 8.89 7.51 7.11 Receivables Turnover 93.72 100.75 96.75 Inventory Turnover 12.96 14.19 14.98 Fixed Assets Turnover 5.85 6.32 6.6 C. Profitability Ratios   

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Essay

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Wales. To what extent does the common law doctrine of bindi - Essay Example The court system is a hierarchical structure that begins from the bottom at the County Courts and Magistrate Courts, the High Court and Crown Court, the Court of Appeal, and the highest court which is the Supreme Court (Jones, 2011). The hierarchical structure serves two fundamental purposes. First, it enables the formation of a lineage of consistent and uniform decisions through the binding system of judicial precedent, which requires judges at lower courts to consider and follow decisions of judges at higher courts in making their judgements. Second, it enables defendants to appeal against decisions made at lower courts by forwarding their appeals to higher courts. This paper discusses the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Wales, and the extent to which it engages with the common law doctrine of binding precedents. The Structure of the Court System in England and Wales The court system in England and Wales is hierarchical in structure (Jones, 2011). This â⠂¬Å"means that certain courts are superior to other courts† (Jones, 2011, p. 17). The lowest courts, which are the County and Magistrate Courts, try civil and criminal cases that are not too serious respectively. At the second rank are the Crown Court and the High Court. The Crown Court tries criminal cases, while the High Court tries civil cases with a limited scope over criminal cases. This rank is followed by the Court of Appeal. This court hears appeals from both civil and criminal cases that have been tried at lower levels be it at Magistrate or County Courts, Crown Court or the High Court. At the highest tier of the system is the Supreme Court. This court is the ultimate appellate court and hears appeals for both civil and criminal cases (Jones, 2011). In this structure, Magistrate and County Courts are regarded as inferior courts, while the rest of the courts are regarded as superior courts (Jones, 2011). The courts in the hierarchy follow the doctrine of binding preced ent, and this can be seen from the way cases are handled between lower and higher courts. The following diagram shows the structure of the English court system: Cited in Jones, 2011, p. 17 Magistrate Courts Magistrate Courts are located at the bottom of the hierarchy. Within England and Wales, there are about 1500 Magistrate Courts (Jones, 2011). They are a crucial component of the criminal justice system, as they deal with cases that are criminal in nature. Magistrate Courts have three lay magistrates who hear the cases brought before the court and rely on the counsel of a Clerk, who is legally qualified in providing advice on the law, to make decisions regarding procedure and sentencing (Jones, 2011). The jurisdiction of a Magistrate Court in a criminal trial depends on the nature of the offence, often its seriousness. This is the yardstick used to determine whether a case should be heard at the Magistrate Court or Crown Court. When a case before the magistrate court is too seriou s, or when the sentence that the magistrates need to impose needs to be sufficiently severe, the case is forwarded to the Crown Court. County Courts County Courts also lie at the bottom of the hierarchy. There are approximately 220 County Courts in England and Wales, which deal with cases involving civil disputes (Jones, 2011). The bench of a County Court comprises of a Circuit Judge who hears more

Consider the application of a business model to mental health services Dissertation

Consider the application of a business model to mental health services - Dissertation Example Simply ask What, Where, How, and Why in a business model. Holistic views wellness of the entire body without the intervention of drugs and costly high tech treatments first. It focuses on the self-healing processes, one’s entire body, mind, emotions, and spiritual life. Holistic also incorporates new and old methods of healing to naturally benefit the body. It also addresses a person’s symptoms, but the person as a whole; what is the current situation in the patient’s life, and how it can be managed effectively. Holistic also offers an active role to the patient in his own healing process through mind, body and spirit. Focusing on a natural diet, herbal support when necessary, and exercises that benefit the entire body and mind. Basically, being in tune with your own body, listening to what it is trying to convey to you. Is there pain? If so, there is a need to change the regimen of healing and focus on what will alleviate that pain with a natural whole body eval uation. Focusing on the part of the body that needs repair and maintenance, and giving that area specific attention in relief of the symptoms but with natural remedies. Addressing the question: Is a business model incompatible with the holistic model? One must first answer these questions. What, Where, How, and Why? If you can answer these four questions in regard to mental health services, then you have your answer. Let’s address them. What? What are you offering? Applied to Mental Health, what are you offering your market? You are offering a full package, how to manage symptoms, pain, and illness in a natural holistic way that creates a better life and longevity to your patient. You are offering this without drugs or costly highly technical innovations that can be detrimental to the bodies natural healing processes and symptom detection. Since you are dealing with the entire body processes, you are also offering a reading on the body symptoms. You are offering a solution ta ilored to specific individual needs, and suggested therapies to correct the problem. You are offering a continued maintenance of these therapies, lifestyle assessment, and natural therapies using medicine as a co-agent alternative. You are also offering an alternative to drugs that give low risk and conservative options. You are also offering a solution and end result of restoration, regeneration and transformation. You are emphasizing natural healing through listening to the bodies’ senses. What is the process you offer? Where? Where will your market be? Will you be targeting local individual markets? If so, will you be using referrals? Will you be advertising? Will you be using the Internet? And will social media be another outlet for your market? Where do you want to position yourself in the current market after you decide what you are offering? Where should you position yourself according to the market you want to target? Do you want to position yourself in a clinical atm osphere within a hospital? Do you want to position yourself in a private practice? Or, you may want to position yourself with a group medical practice? Where will you be performing your services? This question applies to where you will position yourself within the market you intend to enter. Do you want to target only one

Difficulties in Formulating Macroeconomic Policy :: Economics Policy Making Essays

Difficulties in Formulating Macroeconomic Policy Policy makers try to influence the behaviour of broad economic aggregates in order to improve the performance of the economy. The main macroeconomic objectives of policy are: a high and relatively stable level of employment; a stable general price level; a growing level of real income (economic growth); balance of payments equilibrium, and certain distributional aims. This essay will go through what these difficulties are and examine how these difficulties affect the policy maker when they attempt to formulate macroeconomic policy. It is difficult to provide a single decisive factor for policy evaluation as a change in political and/or economic circumstances may result in declared objectives being changed or reversed. Economists can give advice on the feasibility and desirability of policies designed to attain the ultimate targets, however, the ultimate responsibility lies with the policy maker. Policy makers are continually trying to formulate policies that will help the economy achieve these objectives. However, there are numerous difficulties which policy makers are faced with. In a democratic society like the UK, the macroeconomic objectives are not under the sole control of the Government. For example, the level of employment depends on the decisions not only of the government (e.g. for employment in the public sector) but also of private firms as to how many workers they wish to employ. Also, membership to international organisations (i.e. WTO or EU etc.) means that the international regulations and directives must be adhered to and cannot be altered. Therefore, the freedom of action of the policy maker is restricted, as the new policy must function along side existing international policies. Most policies are designed against the background of a theoretical model. However, there is no ‘true’ model and so different policy makers and economists may have different views to certain economic variables. Therefore, each policy maker will formulate different policies based on their views in order to achieve the same objective. For example, Keynesians view that consumption expenditure depends upon current disposable income. Whereas Milton Friedman argued that consumption is related to permanent rather than current income. He was therefore more sceptical about he usefulness of a tax change for stabilisation purposes than one who believes that consumption depends on current disposable income. Policy makers usually use Fiscal policy to alter the level, timing or composition of government expenditure and/or the level, timing or structure of tax payments. And they use Monetary policy to alter the supply of money and/or credit and also to alter interest rates. But some policies are not always successful; a good example was the decision to use monetary policy to solve the liquidity trap. This policy aimed to reduce interest rates and stimulate investment

Canadian same sex marriage Litigation Individual Rights Community Strategy Essay

This essay summarises and analysis a literature material in the form of an article namely â€Å"Canadian Same-Sex Marriage Litigation: Individual Rights, Community strategy written by Christine Davies.’ The author Christine Davies is a Student of Law at Sack Goldblatt Mitchell LLP in Toronto. With the assistance and guidance of Professor Lorraine of the University of Toronto in the Faculty of Law, Douglas Elliott and Cynthia Petersen, Christine is able to come up with the article and published it in 2008. This essay addresses the issue of marriage, the legal status and definition of marriage. It goes further clearly to outline the historical overview of the same-sex marriage litigation in Canada also bringing to light further future expected developments on the same (Davies, 2008. P. 32). The relationship or correlation between the law and the social change is quite close, a constitution can be well described as ‘mirror’ reflecting the nation socially and therefo re it needs to protect and recognize the values of the society at large. The constitution is also as a living tree and thus it must grow or evolve in a manner consistent with the evolving social attitudes and policies. The author of the article ‘Canadian same-sex marriage litigation’ seeks to explore the relationship that exists between the law and social change as it is evidenced in the changing judicial, political and also social approaches to the exciting issue of the same-sex marriage in Canada. The article surveys in details the litigation history of same-sex marriage in the common law within the jurisdictions of Canada. Cases involving the same were pursued over a span of thirty years before litigants finally succeeded in the year 2003 (Davies, 2008: P.2). These cases were well chosen, well strategized, coordinated and applied. The most recent cases just before the litigants won involved use of a multi-pronged approach to them utilizing both the common law and the Charter arguments and thus increasing chances of reaching the best possible results. Humanizing the issue and also contextualizing the legal phenomenon by mostly relying on the plaintiff`s feelings and words combined wi th the use of social science evidence put the litigants a notch higher in their struggle. The lessons brought to the surface by this article in terms of a flexible, Outcome-focused strategies and the much emphasis on unearthing the true nature of LGBT identities and nature will be very key in the future cases on LGBT rights litigation (Davies, 2008. P. 23). The institution of marriage both a social and a legal concept which has mostly been based upon traditionally religious views and opinions based on heterosexuality. With the current changes of certain social values and emergence of groups such as, the LGBT community, over time this concept has been actively debated and has been subject to much controversy and contention. The controversy and contention surrounding this subject originates from the conflict which is evident between long-established traditional or religious beliefs which in turn have helped to shape the country, against the now growing heterogeneous environment which does not conform to these views. The paper presents the deeply rooted tension and controversy regarding the institution of marriage versus the equality rights of the same sex couples or the gay and lesbian couples. This paper goes further to outline the key issues surrounding the recent social changes towards the same-sex marriages and its relationship with equality rights and the social role and function of the institution of marriage. The question of whether legal rules regarding marriage does, in a way, achieve the right balance between equality rights and the social role and function of this institution of marriage (Davies, 2008. P. 10). This contentious and controversial issue is worthy of examination since with time marriage has become a polarizing and complicated entity which in many key ways consequently affects the lives of many people in the country and world at large. The legislative framework and approach to same-sex marriage in Canada addresses the merits and demerits of legalizing same-sex marriage in Canada and also the issue of civil unions for same-sex couples. In addition, the article determines the best option for balancing equality rights while at the same time not compromising the social role and function of the institution of marriage. Several scholarly articles and both past and current jurisprudence, existing legislation, and a few other secondary materials such as, surveys and public opinion polls are used in the analysis of this article. In accordance with the Constitution Act of 1867, the federal government of Canada has exclusive control over â€Å"marriage and divorce,† while the provinces or provincial governments have control over the â€Å"solemnization of marriage† implying that the power to enact laws concerning marriage is within their jurisdiction. Despite the fact, this responsibility concerning marriage was quite clear there was still no proper or distinct legislative document or law that properly defined marriage. The only one piece of legislation that came close to defining it came from an interpretation of a particular clause found in the referred to as Modernization of Benefits and Obligations Act which states that â€Å"For greater certainty, the amendments done by this Act do not affect the interpretation and meaning of the word marriage which is, the lawful union between one man and only one woman to the exclusion of all others.† It was clearly held that â€Å"Marriage is clearly understood throughout time and different cultures as an institution well designed to meet the unique and specific needs, capacities or abilities and circumstances of opposite sex couples and their children and thus regarded as an institution that brings together or unites the two complementary sexes thus providing a supportive and proper environment for the procreation and rearing of successive and future generations† (Davies, 2008. P. 14). The above state of affairs in regard to marriage meant that gay couples seeking to be legally united were propelled to take their claims to the courts of law. Christine Davies article clearly brings out the issue of the legalization of same-sex marriage, first by giving out a well laid out surveyed out litigation of same-sex marriages within the common law jurisdictions of Canada. It has in an exemplary manner assessed the developments and the shifts in the litigation strategies from the trial-level strategies, which were quite multi-prolonged and both utilized common law and Charter arguments narrowing much thinner to emphasis on the violations of Charter rights (Davies, 2008. P. 2). The article clearly outlines to us how the claims or strategies are selected and applied in order to achieve the maximum best possible results. This article is different from the one adopted and advanced by Nicholas Balla in his article, â€Å"Controversy over couples in Canada, the evolution of marriage and together with other adult interdependent relationships in that Balla surveys the evolution of the current debate concerning four types of intimate adult relationships that fall outside the known traditional definition of marriage that is common-law marriage, polygamy, same-sex partnerships, and non-conjugal interdependent relationships while Christine concentrates on the developments in the litigation process (Balla, 2014. Para. 2). The above mentioned articles together with â€Å"Losing the Feminist Voice article by Claire Young and Susan Boyd. All the three articles provide a good platform for proper studying and understanding the relationship between law of any country and the social change with the Christine David`s article amplifying this the more as shown below.The first leading claim or case regarding same-sex m arriage was: North v Matheson also referred to as First Wave                      In this case or claim, it was expected that the courts could rely on the judgments arising from Hyde v. Hyde & Woodmansee that happened in 1866 to arrive at the conclusion that, for the known Christian religious reasons, any union between two gay men is obviously unlawful and that marriage is an exclusive legal union between one man and one woman (Davies, 2008. P. 9). Corbett v Corbett also referred to as second wave                      The second leading claim which, in a way, added on to the common law was in regard to the definition of marriage as was with clarity established in North v Matheson. The case of Corbett was a case that brought a challenged in regard to the issues around the marriage of a transgender individual (Davies, 2008. P. 11). In this case, the judge had a conclusion that when it comes to defining marriage the issue of building a family is a very essential component and, therefore, natural heterosexual intercourse is of importance and a key requirement in regard to the institution of marriage. Layland v Ontario also referred to as the third wave                      The third case regarding same-sex marriage was that of Layland v Ontario and the argument was against the common law definition of marriage. The argument or claim was successfully acknowledged accepted by at least one judge out of three which was a very timely achievement for those in support of same-sex marriage (Davies, 2008. P. 2). In Layland v Ontario case although the majority judgment still alluded to and supported the decisions made in North and Corbett, the dissenting opinion had a conclusion that the current jurisprudence regarding same-sex marriage is outdated or rather not fashionable in regard to the changing social values, and, therefore, as judges of the common law it is their prime duty to expand the definition of marriage so that it can meet the society`s changing and expanding needs or so as to reflect and mirror the values of the society and what is taking place by that time in the society. In addition to the case above there was also a dissenting assertion as a direct resultant of the enactment of the Charter of Human Rights and freedoms. This made a change thus to be a necessity so as to conform to the Charters of Rights and Freedoms demands and requirements and that pursuant to s.15 of the Charter. The common law`s definition of marriage was, therefore, insufficient, unreasonably and unequal or discriminatory in its treatment towards gay and lesbian couples. Halpern v Canada also known as the fourth wave                      The fourth case was known as Halpern v Canada which brought about the current approach towards same-sex marriage in Canada and thus bringing to a halt the debate to whether gay and lesbian couples were allowed to unite legally or to marry. The verdict or decision from this fourth case concluded that the current common law in the place definition of marriage was to a great extent unconstitutional given the fact that it violated an individual’s inalienable fundamental right to equal treatment without discrimination. As a result of this realization or decision, the federal government thus proposed a bill to that effect to the Supreme Court of Canada. The bill, Bill C- 38, became the center of the debate and thorough discussion for the case referencing to or in regard to Same-Sex Marriage (Davies, 2008. P. 15). The verdict or ruling in that decision led or prompted the federal government to come up with a new piece of legislation referred to as t he Civil Marriage Act. This Act is the current legislative authority governing the institution of marriage in Canada. This act broadens or expands the definition of marriage to also include gay and lesbian couples by stating that â€Å"Marriage, for civil reasons, is the lawful union of only two persons to the or thus exclusion of all others.† This removed the part that the union had to be between one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others. Given the fact that the enactment of the Civil Marriage Act, and the social developments and changes which fostered the considerations of the advantages, as well as the demerits in which this act brought about or created is worth highlighting and noting. As was elaborated by the Law Commission of Canada, who support same sex marriage, it felt that an individual right to marry is a fundamental inalienable personal choice in which each Canadian citizen should enjoy and thus denying them their rightful access to be allowed to marry was an outright rejection in recognizing their personhood as human beings and of their personal aspirations. This argument that was greatly advanced by same-sex marriage supporters clearly demonstrated a direct form of human rights and freedoms violation through unequal treatment, which in turn points or allude towards possible consequences in which this outright denial of key rights could lead (Davies, 2008. P. 26). A good example of such a consequence in re gard to continue this unequal treatment is that it could promote or lead to a very strong justifiable critiques towards the very obvious legitimacy of our most sacred law in the Constitution namely the Charter of Rights and Freedoms document, To be more specific the section regarding our very fundamental right to equality. Further in support of those supporting same-sex marriages came the article. Losing the feminist Voice, debates and deliberates on the legal recognition or realization of same sex Partnerships in Canada that argued in support of the same that denying homosexuals and lesbians the right to marry would in turn add more weight and greatly reinforce the ongoing justification behind the existing disadvantages towards the minority groups, and thus create further future justification in the denial of other fundamental rights for these same minority groups. The article goes further on to note that broadening or extending the definition of marriage to solve the contentious issues and do away with the underlying controversy to allow same-sex couples to marry will, in fact, strengthen the institution of marriage and family by bringing down the burden of the state. The most prevalent arguments of all in relation to the demerits of same-sex marriage mostly focused on to a large extent, the perceived presumptions and misconceptions towards the gay and lesbian lifestyles, as well as the resultant effects in which the same will have both directly and indirectly on marriage. The opponents of same-sex marriage further focused on the importance of clearly maintaining the nature of marriage, as well as combating the future risks in which changing the definition of marriage was likely to bring on board. An opponent of same-sex marriage namely Gwen Landolt, strongly believed and held a very strong comment for the gay and lesbian lifestyle, stating with clarity that infidelity, separation and divorce are more prevalent in same-sex unions given that â€Å"their skill compatibilities are different†, and thus they cannot complement one another. Drug use is thus a very serious and recurring matter for such as these individuals. The above comments allude through suggestion that that allowing homosexual couples to unite legally and marry could pose as a threat and an insult on the sacred institution of marriage. In addition to the above claims, Landolt also insisted that marriage should not just be treated as mere social construct and that it will be detrimental to simply change in an endeavor to respond to the changing society needs and values. She held firmly to the assertion that a marriage is a concept which has remained consistent through and through thousands of years, through many different cultures and hence its value in society at large is deeply rooted. These arguments regarding the future implication in which changing the definition of marriage could foster and bring on board, the opposition or those opposing same-sex marriages argued that the inalienable fundamental equality right, in which the gay and lesbian groups have relied upon to in furtherance of their claim, has been interpreted so broadly or beyond the necessary extent according to s.15 of the Charter and could by implication create a very slippery slope for the sacred institution of marriage. This will in turn lead to a polygamous and probably to incestuous relationships being made legal in the country (Russell, 2008. 38). Conclusion                      As a wrap up this essay has clearly analysed the article ‘Canadian same-sex marriage litigation’ highlighting the key points in the article such as the social developments in regard to same-sex marriages, how the issue of same-sex marriages relate with the equality of human rights and freedoms while at the same time being keen not to affect the social role of the marriage institution negatively. The same-sex marriage litigation needs to be assessed in terms of their impact and sustenance of the LGBT rights in regard to equality ensuring that they are not discriminated (Balla, 2014. Para. 4). This litigation from the analysis of the article can be termed as quite successful although this does not imply that legal cases involving LGBT in days to come will necessarily be successful. It is therefore true that the constitution or the law is like a living tree that grows in accordance to changes in the society and should reflect the social values, practices and attitudes of the society. These kinds of alternative forms of relationship have been recognized by the laws of different countries in the world success in the cases in the Canada litigation can to an extent be attributed to this trend although other countries still continue to strictly oppose them. References Controversy Over Couples in Canada: The Evolution of Marriage and Other Adult Interdependent Relationships. (n.d.). by Nicholas Bala. Retrieved June 13, 2014, from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=481003 Davies, C. (2008). Canadian Same-Sex Marriage Litigation: Individual Rights, Community Strategy. Canada: Crc Press. Russell, P. H. (2008). The Court and the Constitution: leading cases. Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications. Source document