The Three Strikes Law And Public Policy Essay - 1838 Words

Brittney Seals-Johnson 12/8/16 CCJ 4497: Criminal Justice and Public Policy Final Paper The three strikes law came out of the â€Å"get tough† era in the late 70’s. The era was based on the idea that crime is the result of an offender’s choice’s and personal responsibility. During this time, the criminal justice system focused on punishment instead of rehabilitation, as the government switched to determinate based, or individualized sentencing where conviction was served in a jail or prison with a defined length of sentence, and can not be changed by a parole board or other agency. It was fair and just sentences based on the crime committed and its severity. The three strikes law was a policy that was started in Washington in 1993, and Governor Pete Wilson adopted a broader version of it in California that requires a criminal to serve a sentence of twenty-five years to life after they have been caught and convicted of a third felony. There are a total of twenty-three states and the federal government who have adopted some for of the three st rikes policy. The policy varies by each state and what crimes fall under felonies is the states discretion. For example, in Georgia, it only requires two violent felony convictions instead of three. In other states, it does not have to be a violent crime to be sent away for twenty-five to life. Different influences can lead to these types of policies. Public opinion and moral outrage are some of the ways that a policy can come about. ThreeShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Three Strike Laws On The State Of California1679 Words   |  7 PagesThe effectiveness of the three strike laws has been a major concern among researchers; it has sparked the attention of several indidviduals from the first piece of legislation passed in the United States. This paper considers the impact of three strikes law in the state of California; a states which have implemented this form of mandatory sentencing and known to have the strictest regulations regarding this law. It will addresses the effects of th e law on the crime rate and prison populations.Read MoreReport: Ethics and Three Strikes Law736 Words   |  3 Pagesincreased amount of public and media attention directed to repeat criminal offenders. In the 1980s, crime rates increased and scholars found that a number of these criminal activities were committed by repeat offenders. In response to this information, many states began to enact the so-called Three Strikes, Youre Out Law. The proponents of this legislation, including several victims rights organizations, believe that habitual criminals do not have the desire or capacity to reform. The law mandates thatRead MoreUnethical Consequences of the Three Strikes Laws910 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿THREE STRIKES SENTENCING POLICIES ETHICAL CONCERNS (700 words) Part I (400 words) Unethical Consequences of Three Strikes Laws Zimring (1996) illustrates the inconsistency with which three strikes laws have been applied, producing unjustifiable differences in sentences for individuals with very similar criminal histories. Even more importantly, Zimrings comparison illustrates that the three strikes law in question is typically applied without any objective principle of justice or justificationRead More Three Strikes Law Essay1740 Words   |  7 PagesThree Strikes Law Recidivism is a tendency to relapse into a former pattern of behavior or a tendency to return to criminal behavior. Many studies have been conducted about criminals who begin with petty crimes (misdemeanors) that repeat the same crimes or graduate to serious crimes (felonies). The fear of repeat offenders and the increase of recidivism ignited the federal and state governments to seek harsher ways to protect citizens’ safety. Mike Reynolds a photographer whose daughter, KimberRead MoreCan Racial Profiling Be Justified1612 Words   |  7 Pages Can Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement Be Justified Cornelius Morgan CRJ 125: Criminology (W04) November 15, 2015 Abstract: In 1994 Polly Klaas was kidnapped from a slumber party at her home in California and later murdered by Richard Allen Davis who already had 2 prior convictions for kidnapping on his record. The public was outraged that a repeat offender was able to attack again. Politicians catered to this outrage and sold the public on a bill that would repeat offendersRead More235764916 CJA 394 Week 1 Criminal Justice Overview Paper SAMPLE page only1665 Words   |  7 Pagesin determinate sentencing and truth-in-sentencing laws which limit early release from prison (Albanese, 2013). Prison overcrowding in American began to increase during the 1960’s after the new crime policy known as the â€Å"War on Drugs† policy was initiated by the federal government (Richardson, 2004). The war on drugs policy was created after the large increase of drug flooding into the country after prohibition. This new get tough on crime policy required prison offenders to serve harsher sentencesRead MoreProblems With The Three Strikes Legislation1610 Words   |  7 PagesProblems with the Three Strikes Legislation Cornelius Morgan CRJ 125: Criminology (W04) November 15, 2015 Abstract: In 1994 Polly Klaas was kidnapped from a slumber party at her home in California and later murdered by Richard Allen Davis who already had 2 prior convictions for kidnapping on his record. The public was outraged that a repeat offender was able to attack again. Politicians catered to this outrage and sold the public on a bill that would repeat offenders off the streetsRead MoreProblems with the Three Strikes Laws Essays1502 Words   |  7 Pagesmost controversial laws in the efforts to reduce crime has been the three-strikes laws that have been enacted. This law, which is already in twenty-seven states, requires that offenders convicted of three violent crimes be sentenced to life in prison without chance of parole. The law is based on the idea that the majority of felonies are committed by about 6% of hard core criminals and that crime can be eliminated by getting these criminals off the streets. Unfortunately, the law fails to take intoRead MoreThe Three Strike Law : Does It Act ually Work? Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pages The Three Strike Law: Does it Actually Work? By Marissa Smith United States throughout history has tried many different ways to deter criminals from committing crime. One of the more famous polices enforced was the Three Strikes sentencing laws, and other â€Å"get tough† approaches. In 1994, the Three Strikes sentencing law was first established (Couzens, J. Richards and Tricia A. Bigelow). The law stated that any defendant convicted of any new felony, having been convicted before of aRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1572 Words   |  7 Pagessystem, healthcare laws, unemployment and economic situations, not to mention the ongoing water drought crisis†¦all of which are major dilemmas in California. One major dilemma, however, is often ignored. Over the past 30 odd years, California’s prison population has grown by 750 percent (â€Å"California’s Perpetuating Prison Crisis†). As this percentage perpetuates to make substantial gains, inmates are suffering in confinement cells, officials are negotiating over the issue, and the public is protesting

Operations Management Principle, Tools And Techniques...

A written assignment where you demonstrate your understanding of Operations Management principle, tools and techniques through critical analysis of contemporary literature INTRODUCTION IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Operations administration is about how associations produce merchandise and administrations. All that you wear, eat, sit on, utilization, perused or thump about on the games field comes to you kindness of the operations chiefs who composed its creation. Operations organization is the development of managing the benefits which convey and pass on things and organizations. Operations association is a multi-disciplinary field that spotlights on dealing with all parts of an alliance s operations. According to Howard et al (1989) it describes operation management as the common association which comprises of the co-ordination of a wide range of capacities. Operations organization focuses on the limit of giving the product or organization. It is concerned with the organizing and controlling of all activities imperative for the obtainment of the affiliation s thing or organization. Parts of operations organization, then, fuse things or organizations to push; office size and zone with respect to customers and suppliers; elevating techniques to force in clients/customers; strategies and equipment to use to make the stock or to give the organizations; work power organization and get ready; and estimations of quality certificate. Operations administrators applyShow MoreRelatedConflict Management A Project Manager1102 Words   |  5 Pagessome conflict managemen t a project manager needs to implement in their idea process: Collaborate, force, compromise, smooth and withdraw management. Collaborate management is involve when it is the best time for more than one organization to come together to produce a quality product for cost-benefit. The good thing about collaborating with another person or organization, it gives the opportunity to strengthening and solve the problem. Strengthening the product and the technique is successfulRead MoreFinancial Management Of Health Care Sector1256 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial management in health care sector has become vital in various ways. The choices in financing have an impact on the efficiency on the production and supply of health care services. With the growth of the healthcare industry has come the need for healthcare administrators to make increasing use of financial information and techniques in their decision making. Although organizations have individuals who focus almost exclusively on f inancial operations, managers in any area of operations are expectedRead MoreProduction Planning and Control Activities1664 Words   |  7 Pagesa) Inventory management is part of production planning and control activities. Based on Toyota Production System, the best quantity to be kept in the warehouse is zero inventory. i) Discuss how this concept can be implemented in small medium and enterprise (SME)? How SMEs could ensure the minimum inventory will not cause delay to the production? The Toyota Production System (TPS) is an integrated socio-technical system which established by Toyota where it contains its management philosophy andRead MoreCritical Path Method803 Words   |  4 PagesCRITICAL PATH METHOD (CEE 320 – VDC SEMINAR) 4 February 2009 Jesse Santiago Desirae Magallon Overview Background History CPM Defined The CPM approach Definitions Class Exercise Background History Developed in the 1950s by the US Navy Originally, the critical path method considered only logical dependencies between terminal elements Since then, it has been expanded to allow for the inclusion of resources related to each activity, through processes called activity-based resourceRead MoreHow Productivity Can Be Improved By Methods And Tools1274 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to show how productivity can be improved by implementing different methods and tools in the textile industry. First Production has to be defined like Islam (2013) said, the process or procedure to transform a set of input into output having the desired utility and quality. Productivity = Output / Input Now productivity can be measured by the efficiency of the production system. It is a way to indicate of how well the key factors of production (land, capitalRead MoreIp Essay833 Words   |  4 PagesConsummate senior IT project manager, ITSM leader, IT operations manager, IT GRC expert and people manager. Highly experienced and certified IT professional, with an outstanding record in achieving goals, problem solving and delivering outcomes in complex environments like financial services and large multi-national business. I am customer driven, goal focused, organised and respected by all. Always ranked in the top 10% of talent, with continual excellent feedback and recognition as an effectiveRead MoreThe Six Sigma And Tools1648 Words   |  7 Pages2.3. Six sigma and tools The Six Sigma improvement method is problem-focused and its main objectives are decreasing scrap, earning income and creating value (Saghaei et al, 2012). Motorola developed this concept in 1986. There were three meanings of six sigma provided by Brue (2006). It is the level of quality that a process assures, it is a problem solving methodology and lastly it is a management philosophy. Alternatively it is also said to be a project driven approach to process and product qualityRead MoreTanglewood Case 41587 Words   |  7 PagesMemorandum To: Marilyn Gonzalez and Daryl Perrone From: Maggie Jones Date: 6 February 2012 Subject: Tanglewood Case 4: Measurement and Validation Below is an analysis of the potential new selection methods for hiring the Store Associate position. The study of 10 Seattle-based stores resulted in an adequate sample size of 832 applicants. New selectors being evaluated are the retail market knowledge exam, Marshfield customer service biodata questionnaire and essay, MarshfieldRead MoreImprovements in Supply Chain Performance Through Value Stream Workflows and Managing Supply Chains With Cycle Time Compression: A Comparative Analysis923 Words   |  4 PagesAchieving Time Compression in the Supply Chain Introduction In the article Time Compression and Supply Chain Management - A Guided Tour (Towill, 1996) the author contends that cycle time compression (CT), when coordinated with advanced production scheduling techniques incouding Just-In-Time (JIT) supply chain , can deliver signification financial performance gains for an enterprise. The authors also provide the foundational elements of the Demand-Driven Supply Network (DDSN) that has been provenRead MoreLean Manufacturing Six Sigma Manufacturing1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmanufacturing’s focus on waste decrease is hard to evaluate. Goal: The goal of lean is to reduce waste and understanding the process. The goal of six sigma is to improve the process capability and eliminate or minimize variation. Approach: lean has basic principles which helps the organization to achieve targeted goal. Selected set of solutions for set of situations implementation based on repeated accepted practices. Six sigma approach is relying on statistics used for problem solving. Primary Effect: Lean

Teen Project Free Essays

Teen Driving Issues Project Topic: Teen Crashes Part 1 – Identify the Issue * Why is this problem, especially for teen drivers? Teens are the ones who are mostly in crashes due to recklessness, drugs, being on the phone, under the influence, and road rage. * Statistics from research regarding teen crash rate. Show that teen have the highest involvement in all types of crashes. We will write a custom essay sample on Teen Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now 10 teens lose their life every day in crashes. A most of the time it is because they are speeding and and trying to get around the road conditions. Also 65% of teen are on the phone while driving which leads them to not paying attention and lose control over their vehicle. * How is one organization or group trying to solve this problem? Name group and what they are doing. â€Å"Partnering with Safe Teen Driving Club† is another organization that communicates with parents and teens to tell the effects of certain things they are trying to reduce deaths of teen drivers. How another organization or group is working to solve the problem? Name the group and what they are doing. â€Å"Injury and Violence Prevention and Control†. They are and organization that tries to teach driver the dangers rate of road carelessness. * Web sites where this information was found. http://roadreadywatchdog. com/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=50Itemid=57 http://www. safeteendrivingclub. org/stdc_page. php? age_ID=1151903270#Par tner_Programs http://www. cdc. gov/injury/index. html Part 2 – Solutions for the Issue * Something else that should be done to help solve or curb the problem. You should have to be 18 before you can purchase a car and have insurance on it because until then you should be under you parents care , they are still aloud to drive just under more restriction and they have to follow the rules and speed limits and if pulled over more than twice their license will be revoked My own ideas for solving this problem. This may not be something that is currently being done more restrictions to help out guide the teens in a better directions * What I can personally do to make more people aware of this issue? I would have to speak up and show the DMV or anyone else to show how much better it would be for the teens to have a little more restrictions. How to cite Teen Project, Essay examples

Statement of purpose Canada free essay sample

I XXXX have successfully enrolled with XXXX, XXXX to pursue 2 years Diploma in Culinary Management in XXXXX Intake. I have decided to study in this area because when I started attending school, I was asked about what I wanted to be when I grew up and my answer always keep on changing ever since. I have always dreamed of being known of something important something that would make a difference in everyones routine, even it meant a typical meal or a box of delicious cookies to cheer someone up. But most of all it had to be something that would defy my creativity and allow it to be boundless, In order that I would always feel passionate and enthusiastic about my work. All along culinary arts were present in my life, in myself. I always feel happy about my cooking and constantly try to improve and learn more about it. We will write a custom essay sample on Statement of purpose Canada or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today I can finally say for sure that my dream is to be a Chef and since my talent and satisfaction rely more on cooking desserts, I wish to become a Pastry Chef. I often feel motivated by Chefs like Gordon Ramsey, Harpal Singh Sokhi, Sanjeev Kumar, and Pastry Chef Bartolo Valastro, Jr. However, nowadays I aspire much more as I see myself in the future managing a bake shop or a restaurant worthy of rewards resembling the famous Michelin Star. I have chosen to study abroad because I believe that the English language is one of the most important means of communication in whichever industry and as a result I consider that it is the best option to reach out for national and especially international attention. Among all of the options offered, Ottawa, Canada seemed the most fitted to me. Canada is a world leader when it comes to education, its high academic standard and rigorous quality control ensured me of my future and career for a long term. A Canadian diploma or degree is recognized in the world. Living standards in Canada are also amongst the highest in the world. In spite of these high standard cost of education and living for international students is reasonably low as compared to other destinations in the world. Algonquin college is a recognized publicly funded English language college and a member of Polytechnics Canada located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is also one of the prestigious institutes for higher education. The two year Culinary management diploma is designed to train commercial cooks with an emphasis on advanced culinary skills, managerial training and hands-on experience. Training is provided by respected industry leaders and in state-of-the-art Kitchen labs. Students are also required to complete a 160 hours of culinary placement to ensure program fulfillment. This work placement not only provides hands on experience but also refines the skills by providing practical real world experience as a culinary professional. This program is divided into four main parts to ensure and maintain quality as per culinary and health industries. This programs very much suits my needs as a creative entrepreneur who wants to own a restaurant in future. Therefore, after completing my Diploma from Canada. I look forward to come back to India and contribute into the booming Indian food industry which is worth US $ 37. 71 billion expected to grow 11 percent each year. Being graduated from a internationally recognized institute will play a important part in achieving my goals in the industry. I will also apply my learnt skills into the industry, so that guest within the country and international visitors would not have to compromise with the quality of food and service.

Water Pollution Essay Paper Example For Students

Water Pollution Essay Paper Water pollution needs to be stopped. Pollution of lakes rivers, streams, and oceans has been killing land and water animals for years. Polluting water is a horrible act and will be stopped. Water pollution kills all kinds of animals every year. Just the EXXON VALDEZ oil spill near anchorage Alaska caused over 3,000 otters to die 36,000 different kinds of seabirds were killed and over 100 eagles. -Oil spills are one ofif not the worst types of pollution. They happen most often in the ocean and then get spread around by tides and currents where they enter streams and rivers and cover everything. They kill life and pollute more in a short amount of time than pesticides and human waste combined in about 1 year. (See graph on page 2 for more inf.) -Radioactive Waste is a very serious problem polluting the lakes and oceans. Submarines release some radioactivity into the water. We will write a custom essay on Water Pollution Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now If a submarine ever crashed enough radioactivity would be released to destroy a region of about 300 sq. miles (this happens because of the nuclear engines) -Human waste is when people dump their . deification in the water and have sewer lines leading to water which also pollutes a lot (little streams lead to big lakes). Human waste is also when we dump garbage in the ocean because we cannot find places on land to dump it. Some more types of pollution are. . Infectious Gases, Plant nutrients that can simulate growth of aquatic plants which then interfere with water uses and, when decaying, deplete the dissolved oxygen and produce nasty odors. Exotic organic chemicals including: pesticides, various industrial products, detergents. petroleum, inorganic materials, nuclear power plants, industrial sites, medical and scientific use of radioactive materials. Water pollution was originally caused by need of space (to dump trash). I can say that the major sources (in general) that cause water pollution are: Municipal, Agricultural, and Industrial. The dumping of garbage was caused by the lack of space in landfills. Instead of recycling some people started dumping the trash in the water, that slowed in 1956 when the Federal Water Pollution Control Act was created. It slowed almost to a halt in 1977 when the Clean Water Act was created. But, it still happens. Companys still dump waste in the ocean, streams, and rivers even though it is against the law. Eventually water pollution will cause there to be no life in the ocean, lakes, and rivers. All the dumping of waste into the water will cause all the water creatures to die off and there will be no tolerable areas for life or people to swim, or anything at all. I dont think many people disagree with saving the oceans and lakes, but many people still dump waste not knowing it or just not caring. It may be because of laziness, like not wanting to bring their oil to a place where it can be disposed of properly. Instead they dump it in the sewer or in a stream by their house. What they do not realize is that the Sewer eventually leads to a treatment plant which does a pretty good job in getting rid of pollution, but it may take a different route and leak into the ocean or another body of water. When you dump in a stream the pollution will eventually coat all the plants and trees and kill bugs, and other animals then it leaks into a lake and spreads out making the lake or river not tolerable to anything at all. Water pollution is horrible. Pollution kills millions of animals insects, and fish every year. .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195 , .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195 .postImageUrl , .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195 , .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195:hover , .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195:visited , .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195:active { border:0!important; } .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195:active , .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195 .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ccff551b8d4afdf1a5a3a1552a27195:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Security Essay And oil spills are happening almost every 3rd year or every other year (just enough time to clean one and another comes along). The Exxon Valdez spilled over 11 million gallons of crude oil in 1989 because of somebodys carelessness. Water pollution is something that should have been stopped many years ago and still should be stopped. Why do we need to pollute the lakes, rivers, streams, and oceans? Millions of animals are killed by water pollution not to mention the 10,000,000 people who die each year from drinking polluted water. If we all would just spend a bit more time doing what is right and not be so lazy, we wouldnt be killing ourselves and animals. Please help stop polluting. Social Issues

Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity

Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity Free Online Research Papers Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Wurttemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later he and his family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland. In 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he earned his diploma and received a Swiss citizenship and he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he went for his doctors degree. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933. He became a United States citizen in 1940. During the 1920s he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Memberships to all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards for all of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey. Introduced in 1905, Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity is based on two ideas: the law of physics is constant for anyone moving at a constant speed, and the speed of light is constant for anyone, in any frame of reference. If the speed of light is constant, then time and space must be relative. After 1905, Einstein continued working in all three of his works in the 1905 papers. He made important contributions to the quantum theory. In 1907 he said that if mass were equivalent to energy, then the principle of equivalence required that gravitational mass would interact with the apparent mass of electromagnetic radiation, which includes light. By 1911, Einstein was able to make the first predictions about how a ray of light from a distant star, passing near the Sun, would appear to be attracted, or bent slightly, in the direction of the Suns mass. At the same time, light radiated from the Sun would interact with the Suns mass, resulting in a slight change toward the infrared end of the Suns optical spectrum. At About 1912, Einstein began a new phase of his gravitational research, by putting his work in terms of the tensor calculus of Tullio Levi-Civita and Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro. The tensor calculus made calculations in four-dimensional space-time, a notion that Einstein had obtained from Hermann Minkowski in 1907. Einstein called his new work the general theory of relativity. After a number of false starts, he published the definitive form of the general theory in late 1915. In its original form, Einsteins general relativity has been verified a number of times in the past 60 years, especially during solar-eclipse expeditions when Einsteins light-deflection prediction could be tested. The theory of special relativity says if all the laws of physics are equally valid in all frames of reference moving at a uniform velocity and that the speed of light from a uniformly moving source is always the same, regardless of how fast or slow the source or its observer is moving. The theory has as consequences, the relative mass increases rapidly for moving objects. Some criticized Special Relativity for many reasons, such as lack of evidence, rejection of mathematical physics, philosophical reasons. Examples people who criticized him are: Max Abraham, Friedrich Adler, Henri Bergson, Herbert Dingle, Harald Nordenson, Hugo Dingler, Louis Essen, Herbert E. Ives, Emanuel Lasker, Hjalmar Mellin, Albert Abraham Michelson, Menyhà ©rt Palgyi, Walter Ritz, Georges Sagnac. Other critics had already concluded that there had to be air in the upper sky (aether) which carried the light as the Earth moved through it. The two results suggested opposing results: was the aether local and fluid, or was it universal and rigid? Although there still are critics of relativity outside the scientific mainstream, most of scientists agree that Special Relativity has been proven in many different ways and there are no inconsistent things within the theory. Research Papers on Albert Einstein's Special Theory of RelativityAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementQuebec and CanadaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Paper review on haematological malignancy Essay

Paper review on haematological malignancy - Essay Example One of the key enzymes of the pathways resulting in the production of prostaglandins is Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) specifically in the tissue, which is being insulted, and either on the way to transform to or has been transformed to a malignant tissue. Among these cancers, some common ones are: lung, head and neck, ovarian, uterine cervix, colorectum, and breast. Even in the presence of high level of convincing data supporting the role of COX-2 in the progression of cancer, no definitive evidence is available which provides any clue to the relationship between COX-2 and haematological cancers. Myeloma (MM) is very well described as the deregulation of the cytokine network accompanied by secretion of inflammatory cytokines. A study was carried out to look for the COX-2 deregulation in the pathogenesis of MM. For this purpose, a sample of 142 specimen form 132 patients with plasma cell dyscrasias were taken and further tested for the expression of the proteins by Western Blot (WB) method. These patients were at different stages of the diseases as far as the advancement or severity was concerned. These specimen samples were taken after the informed consent from the patients were obtained. Clinical features of all the patients were documented. Apart from WB, real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were also carried out for some specimen. Along with these, COX-2 immunochemistry as well as separation of plasma cells was also performed. For statistical inferences, descriptive, univariate and multivariate analyses were done by using Cox model. Apart from the validation and assessment of MM samples and correlation between COX-2 expression and clinical parameters, the prognostic value of COX-2 expression in MM was also determined. It was found that median overall survival (OS) follow up for the study participants was 48 months and the relationship between COX-2 positive and negative was (28 months vs 52 months) and it was significantly different. While Progression Free survival (PFS) was estimated as 18 months for positive and 36 months for negative patients and it was also significantly different. COX-2 was found to be related to MM as a prognostic factor and it opened the venue for treatment options for MM as well as for more research work in the same and related areas to further explore any other associations. Significant contribution of the study The research work presented in this article is the first scientific report on the relationship between Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Multiple Myeloma (MM). This is indeed an important finding, which adds to the available evidence on two facets: 1) apart from solid tumor, COX-2 has got a relationship with haematological malignancies especially with multiple myeloma where it showed statistically significant association with short progression free period in COX-2 positive patients as compared to COX-2 negative patients (18 vs 36 months; P < .001) and at the same time poor overall survival in COX-2 positive

Definition of Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Definition of Human Rights - Essay Example It is clear from the discussion that the development of human rights is supported by many institutions but the major source of conception is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The treaties and laws instituted under this statute are later adopted by several international organizations. The human rights philosophy has answers to the queries regarding the creation, concept, nature, universal approach, justification and legality of each and every human right. Human rights are considered to be universally applicable to people from all societies, to provide legal and independent status to them. However, this concept it somehow produces continuous doubts in the mind of critics and, thus, a philosophical difference occurs at many stages. A wide range of literature, interpreting and illustrating the philosophy of human rights, has been published. Thus, if people analyze and understand the concept in its right perspective, such doubts can be eliminated. In 1948, the Universal Declarati on of Human Rights has proposed a list of more than twenty-four specific rights that every member nation has to accept to guarantee protection to its citizens (Morsink 12). The division of the formulated human rights also has been done in six different categories. The first category is right to security, which gives protection to citizens from criminal activities like annihilation, bloodshed, violence, victimization, and rape. The second category includes the rights that guarantee complete safety from atrocities of the legal system like punishment without trial, unfair or secret trials and harsh punishments. The third category includes liberty rights that provide protection and liberty of belief, speech, right to assemble and participate in political or social movements.  

The Harm Of Smoking Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Harm Of Smoking - Speech or Presentation Example I will not scare you out of your wits about the gory diseases caused by smoking. There is already a lot of literature about that and I am sure you have already read those. Just call this the cost-benefit analysis of smoking with a solution and reward should you quit.If this piece has made you reconsider the habit of smoking and decide to quit, it is not really as hard as you would like to believe it is. There are many ways to kick the habit out but you have to decide first that you do not want the habit anymore. Let me begin getting your attention smokers by telling you that you stink. I do not mean figuratively but literally. The smell of cigar sticks and it stinks. Of course, you cannot smell that yourself but for people around you, the nicotine’s smell annoyingly stinks. People may not tell you in consideration to you but you can be an inconvenience to people around you. So if you are dating someone and the other person does not even want to get close to you, I think you al ready know the reason why. It is inconvenient not only to other people but also to you. The smokers’ world is getting smaller and smaller because non-smoking areas are already pervasive. I am sure you have been through it before that you have to walk a mile just to look for a smoking area. I wonder if it crossed your mind that could not have been necessary had you stopped the habit. And you have to pay for the walk and the inconvenience because cigarettes are getting expensive by the year.... And you have to pay for the walk and the inconvenience because cigarettes are getting expensive by the year. And for what? To satisfy a craving that is not really necessary. Or maybe a â€Å"kick† that you can get somewhere else less the hassle and the cost with the incentive of getting a higher batting average for a date. And boy! There are smokers who told me that they cannot think unless they smoke. That’s pretty disturbing. Kidding aside, what I am telling you is that smoking is not really necessary. You just got hooked on it because nicotine is addictive. It makes you weak, that includes your sexual stamina, and deducts on your capacity to spend in addition to your capacity to have fun. Do you know that the amount of money you spend with cigarette in a year is equivalent to a vacation to that nice tropical island in Coron, Palawan? Yes, the package already includes the white fine sand and the blue waters with the ski and sunlight. And mine you, that place is no che ap exotic vacation, it’s one of the best visits in the world. It is hard to believe? Let’s do the math. A pack of cigarette costs an average of $5 a pack. Smokers normally consume a pack a day. Multiply that by 365 days and that will give you $1,825. More than enough for a week vacation. Of course you do not realize it because you are only spending an average of $5 a day. And oh! If you are an incorrigible smoker, you have to add another $5 savings for your medication and hospitalization when you contract a disease from smoking. The catalogue is long that ranges from heart disease to pulmonary diseases to cancers that you cannot even pronounce and the medication is expensive. But let us say you want to take that vacation instead and decided to get your â€Å"kick† from smoking somewhere else, it

Water Pollution in Egypt

Water Pollution in Egypt The Cause And Effect Of Water Pollution In Egypt Water is the basis of life, which is without the life can not exist. It is a source of drinking water for humans and animals and the source of agriculture. Also, it is essential factor for the industry. Thus, our lives on the planet are linked to water and the great River Nile is the lifeblood of life in Egypt. Its revenue is used for domestic use, agriculture and manufacturing so that confirms our lives linked to water. The share of Egypt from the Nile is 55.5 billion cubic meters annually, under an agreement signed in 1959. Despite the growing number of Egypts population reaching nearly 62 million the Egypts share was not increasing, which means that per capita water from the river had fallen considerably (Tahlawi, M. Farrag, S,2007). In addition, water quality of the River Nile decreased as a result of chemical and industrial processes, wastewater plants, and runoff. Chemical And Industrial Processes: The main reason behind the water pollution is chemical and industrial processes. This is because the factories and manufacturers in Egypt are throwing industrial and animal waste into streams and rivers that lead to environmental and health problems. The second reason is thermal pollution which is caused by heating water that leads to reduce the amount of oxygen in the water which in turn leads to death of the animals, plants and change in water temperature. Furthermore, there are other reasons that contribute to water pollution such as organic and inorganic pollutants, plastic waste and pesticides. For instance, pesticides and chemical fertilizers cause to increase the amount of nutrient in the water that provide suitable environment to grow algae in water. This contributes to diminish the quantity of oxygen in the water, which lead to death of marine animals. However, water pollution will leads to contamination of soil will cause problems that related to human health and nutrition. The contamination of soil occurs by direct contamination such as using of pesticides for agricultural purposes or waste factories. Also it may occur by indirect contamination when water mixed with chemical a material which leads to leads to poor fertility and low crop production. Furthermore, some of harmful chemical materials will affect on plants and natural composition. This will reduce the mount of nutritional value. However, not only does soil contamination relate to plants, but it also relate to human and animals. Where the contamination of food crops lead to cause health problems owing to eat Food plants or animals (Laurel, J. Ruthann, A Swartz, K. ,2008). Wastewater Plants: Not only does water pollution occur by chemical and industrial processes, but it also caused by wastewater plants. Campaigns have demonstrated the results of monitoring carried out by the ministries of health, housing, irrigation show that wastewater plants contaminate the groundwater in the villages and agricultural areas. These problems will cause to speared disease among those people who do not have clean drinking water supply. Groundwater is an important source for drinking and irrigation. The wasteful use and pollution by harmful substances is a continuing threat to this important source of fresh water. It is exposed to pollution due to irregularities waste plants, oil pipelines, mining, and radioactive materials. Therefore, The Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs is faced this phenomenon of Nile river pollution by implementation of the Environmental Protection Law. This new law led to the concerted efforts between various ministries and agencies which are contributed of deal with 100 million cubic meters of polluted wastewater had been dumped on the river. These efforts will continue to require all industrial establishments and tourist not exchange on the Nile water in order to protect it from any contamination (Tahlawi, M. Farrag, S.,2007). Runoff: Runoff which is come from storms is not clear water because it contains a huge amount of wastes. Furthermore, it considers one of the most serious sources of pollution compared with municipal wastes. There are many studies which have been done by scientist in order to define the problem and resolve it. The writers show that urban runoff can lead to many problems such as direct pollution and overloading which is came from sewage treatment facilities. So writers refer these problems to hydraulic overloading and other kinds of pollution that come with runoff. However, the writers indicate that there is report one providing many solutions in order to reduce water pollution through banding source pollution and improving of level of methods and techniques for checking the street surface pollution. However, also there is research have been made by URS Company in order to collect information about source, quantities, and pollutant properties of street surface pollution and it found a huge am ount of information that the pollution related with storm water and sewer system (James, D. Gail, B Franklin, J,1974). From the above, it is clear the extent of contamination incident was the result of human activity on sea coasts and rivers. Also it is because of throw a cargo of sewage, industrial and agricultural in sea coasts and rivers. These harmful factors lead to decreased water quality in the River Nile. However, human consumption of water has increased rapidly with the increase in population numbers significantly Thus increasing the demand for water, at the time remained when the quantity of water resources on earth steady. Also with a shortage of cultivated land to be the protection of water and its sources of pollution in this age of the quantity and quality, and increasing the need to rationalize consumption and saved it is important. Also the right of future generations is to maintain the great river Nile. Also working to rationalize the consumption of water until it finds their children and grandchildren a clean and suitable for use for the purposes of life. Finally, drinking water sho uld be protecting from waste and pollution. Reference: James, D. Gail, B Franklin, J. (1974). Water Pollution Control Federation†. In Water Pollution Control Federation. pp. 458. Retrieved October5,2009 http://www.jstor.org/stable/25038149 Fiset, N. ( 2009).† What is the Cause of Water Pollution?†. In Ezinearticles. Retrieved October5,2009 http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is-the-Cause-of-Water-Pollution?id=528398 Laurel, J. Ruthann, A Swartz, K. (2008). Environment Toxicology and Chemistry.New York: Standford University. Environment Candad (2007). What are the impact of water pollution? Retrieved October5,2009 www.ec.gc.ca/indicators/default? Long=enn=AfA3189 Tahlawi, M. Farrag, S.(2007). Groundwater of Egypt: â€Å"an environmental overview†. Research of Groundwater pollution.

Schindlers List Essay -- essays research papers

Schindler’s List   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oskar Schindler was a wealthy German industrialist, who made much of his wealth by employing Jewish men and women in his various factories. In the movie â€Å" Schindler’s List,† it starts off with Schindler in a restaurant with many high ranking Nazi officers eating there. He starts off by buying a officer a bottle of expensive wine, but it does not end there. Before the night is gone he has boughten dinner for all of the officers. This is how he made friends, friends with power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this point the War was already underway and Schindler seized an oppurtunity to make money. Thinking ahead he hires a Jewish accountant that he believes is very qualified for that position. At first this accountant is careful of the way he acts around Schindler because Schindler is a member of the Nazi Party and fears for his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The point of the movie in which Schindler starts to view the Jewish people differently is when the Nazis start to flush out the ghettos. From a hilltop he watches, especially a little girl walking through the streets like she is abandoned. At this time he starts to pull his favors from those officers he treated to dinner a while back. He meets Geoth, a SS officer that is known for his cruelty in the Concentration Camps. Schindler starts to gain the trust and admiration of Geoth and he takes advantage of that friendship. He tells Geoth that he will pay him a certain am...

Al- Qaeda, Homeland Security, and US Patriot Act

Terrorism was viewed in the early days as an act of violence against a limited group of individuals. The acts then were consisted of bombing, kidnapping, killing prominent public officials, and others. The purpose of staging the terrorist act was to catch the government’s attention with the hope that the government may give in to the terrorists’ demands. The demands may be considered political, economical, or ideological. However, no matter the purpose is, the government usually do not heed the terrorist groups for they have been considered as a mere nuisance of the society that can easily be eradicated through military force.Additionally, terrorist groups were likened to a group of rebels operating as a group of limited members. The terrorist groups were not considered as a major threat to the nation’s security. But then, the horrifying 9/11 terrorist attack have drastically and clearly changed the world’s perception about terrorism. America, on the other hand, has greatly changed in its dealing with terrorism and terror groups. The International Community also realized that terrorism is a real threat to the world’s security. The remarkable 9/11 has indeed revealed the true face of terrorism.In response to the terrorism, America hunted all those responsible for the bombing by declaring an all out war against terrorism. Concomitant to the war is the enactment of all that would justify the government’s acts against terrorism. The government has enacted the U. S. Patriot Act and the Homeland Security. The president has rapidly heightened all measures to ensure security and to pursue all those responsible for the 9/11 and those who are connected with terrorism. Despite criticisms on the effect of the legislations to civil liberties, the government has been adamant on its stand to battle terrorism.The vengeance has eventually resulted to the war in Iraq and bombardment of Afghanistan. Likewise, the head of terrorism, Osama bin Laden and Sadam Hussein were apprehended and punished accordingly. Despite the declared death of the prominent architects of terrorism, the fight against terrorism still continues because of the belief that terrorism is still alive. The laws are also controlling within the nation. In line with this, the study will explore the organization of Al-Qaeda and at the same time present an evaluation of the counterterrorism laws. BodyThe name Al-Qaeda started to reverberate at the very onset of the 9/11 terrorist attack. The horrifying bombing of the very symbol of economic and military prowess of America, the World Trade Center, was rapidly linked to the Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. Right after the attack, the government of the United States and foreign allies has united to condemn the unjustified act of terrorism. Al-Qaeda was believed to have been established in 1988. The Al-Qaeda was the by-product of the Muslims’ retaliation against the Soviet Union that occupied Afghanista n in 1979 through 1989 (Katzman).During the war against the Soviet Union, group of Muslims have started to recruit jihadis to fight against the Soviet Union. The recruiting and funding of the jihadis or fighters were initiated by Abdullah Azzam and his former student, Osama bin Laden, by founding the Maktab al-Khidamat which means Services Office (Katzman). This was also known as or Al Khifah. Notably, the Maktab al-Khidamat was believed to be the forerunner of Al-Qaeda. After the war with the Soviet Union, bin Laden and Abdullah Azzam established the Al-Qaeda in 1984 (Katzman). Al-Qaeda is an Arabic word which means â€Å"the base† (Katzman).Purposely, Al-Qaeda was established as a â€Å"rapid reaction force available to intervene wherever Muslim were perceived to be threatened† (Katzman). Al-Qaeda is also defined as â€Å"a secret, almost virtual organization, one that denies its own existence in order to remain in the shadows† (Atkins, 2004). The Al-Qaeda whi ch was jointly founded was eventually controlled by Osama bin Laden as a result of Abdullah Azzam’s assassination. Meanwhile, the assassination of Azzam was linked to Osama bin Laden. Remarkably, Al-Qaeda came to be known worldwide right after the 9/11 attack.The firmness of the organization of Al-Qaeda was believed to have been founded on ideology. There has been several controlling ideology of Al-Qaeda. Aside from being a religious duty, the Holy War has been viewed as necessary for the salvation of one’s soul and a means of defending the Muslim nation (Martin, 2006). Second, peace with the West is impossible and the only course of action in defending Islam is through violence (Martin, 2006). Third, the Al-Qaeda considers Muslim government as apostasies and is violently overthrown when they cooperate with the West (Martin, 2006).Fourth, the Al-Qaeda believes that only two sides exist and that no apocalyptic conflict between Islam and forces of evil exist (Martin, 200 6). From the time Al-Qaeda was founded in 1989, several terrorist activities were perpetuated in some other parts of the globe. In October 1993, the World Trade Center was attempted to be blown by Ramzi Ahmed Yusef (Katzman). In June 25, 1996, US Servicemen were killed while hundreds were wounded when a bomb exploded outside the Khobar Towers in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia (Martin, 2006).Then in August 7, 1998, a bombing was also planned n the US Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Tanzania that caused almost 200 innocent people. The USS Cole was also damaged by suicide bombing in October 12, 2000 where 17 sailors were killed (Martin, 2006). The most damaging terrorist activity was the terrifying 9/11 attack. The 9/11 terrorist attack has totally crashed the World Trade Center in New York. The third plane was directed Pentagon killing hundreds of people and the fourth plane crashed in the Pennsylvania field (Martin, 2006). The 9/11 terrorist attack has drastically changed the world’s p erception on terrorism.Likewise, the attack has changed the world’s perception about Osama bin Laden. Primarily, the target of Al-Qaeda is the US government and the American people. America has been considered as the enemy of the Muslim nation because of the wars perpetrated against them. The economic embargo and the control over the world’s economy have been highly criticized by the Muslim nation. Eventually, the perception that the West is the enemy to Muslim nations has been shaped. Since the West is considered as the enemy, the Al-Qaeda’s target has been the American people.It is noteworthy that all the attacks have been perpetrated against US embassies and US nationals. Aside from the Americans, the terrorist also targeted citizens of Europe, Israel, Russia and other allies of America. Likewise, the 9/11 is a clear message or expression of hatred of terrorist against the Americans. In order to send a clear and strong message, the terrorist has implemented h igh-profile target. In addition, they adopted the suicide bombing as a means of carrying out their designs because it is simplified and a means of eliminating last minute flexibility (Mannes, 2004).In addition, they targeted high officials and use the media in order for the government not to undermine the target. Al-Qaeda also adopted the unconventional means of acquiring information through an extensive research and contacts of professionals. Internet has been essential for Al-Qaeda in penetrating the security, intelligence, and military organizations of other countries. Notably, the information the Al-Qaeda has gathered were used in planning their attacks in several countries. Additionally, Al-Qaeda’s primary goal was to obtain nuclear weapon (Mannes, 2004).The Al-Qaeda has successfully created their own bomb through the documents they have captured. Besides, professionals were also recruited and being turned into a radical in order to obtain materials from the outside. Int erestingly, the group was able to create a biological weapon through the extensive research done by Ayman Zawahari, a medical doctor (Mannes, 2004). The group also studied in order to create their own weapons. Another tactic of the Al-Qaeda in carrying out their mission is to at least impair the economy of other country.This has been done by terrifying tourists through kidnapping of foreign nationals visiting a particular nation. Furthermore, bombing of public places has also threatened tourists from visiting places occupied by terrorist groups. In assessing the Al-Qaeda organization, it can be observed that the group has been patient and enduring in order to succeed in their plans. The tactics and strategies adopted by the group can be considered to have been brilliantly drafted and carried out. However, the group was molded and blinded by extremism. On the part of the American government, the 9/11 attack cannot just be disregarded.Right after the attack, the administration of Bush formed the 9/11 Commission. Primarily, the Commission was directed to conduct an investigation on the bombing. Thereafter, the name of Al-Qaeda appeared. In response to the 9/11 attack, Bush administration has created a new federal office of Homeland Security nine days after the attack (Andryszewski, 2004). Pres. Bush also signed into law the U. S. Patriot Act, 45 days after the 9/11/. In addition, then President Bush also signed the Homeland Security Act of 2002 in November 22, 2002 (Andryszewski, 2004).All these were the result of the fear of another terrorist attack. Furthermore, these laws have essentially changed the essence of security in the country. Meanwhile, in order to identify the targets of the laws, the government found the need to define terrorism. Terrorism has been defined by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as â€Å"the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives† (Sauter and Carafano, 2005, p. 65).From the definition, it is clear that terrorism has been recognized to exist within the country targeting the citizens and outside the country targeting Americans. Hence, the counterterrorism laws have been designed to deal with terrorism within and outside America. One of the weapons of America in fighting terrorism is the Homeland Security which has been referred to; â€Å"consists of all military activities aimed at preparing for, protecting against, or managing the consequences of attacks on American soil, including the CONUS and U. S. territories and possessions.It includes all actions to safeguard the populace and its property, critical infrastructure, the government, and the military, its installations, and deploying forces† (Larson, et. al. , 2000). As to the military function of the Homeland Security, it has five major key areas of focus. One is the WMD domestic prepar edness and civil support (Larson, et. al). Second is continuity of government to ensure or restore civil authority (Larson, et. al. , 2000). Third is border and coastal defense which includes management of large-scale refugee flow and revention of WMD smuggling that may potentially create threat to security (Larson, et.al, 2000). Fourth is the continuation of military operation (Larson, et. al. , 2000). And, last is the national missile defense (Larson, et. al. , 2000). In domestic preparedness, the FBI and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) can request from the Department of Defense the cooperation of the federal Army (Larson, et. al, 2000). Likewise, the National Guard can also participate in maintaining civil authorities. Interestingly, military has an essential role in all areas of Homeland Security.In a broader scope, the Homeland Security is defined as â€Å"a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within United Sates, reduce America’s vulnerabi lity to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur† (Bolt, Colleta, and Shacklford, 2005, p. 433). In order to effectively fight terrorism, the administration of Bush has formed the Department of Homeland Security. The Department is composed of 22 federal departments, agencies, and bureaus from Central Intelligence Agency, FBI, DOD, and Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Andryszewski, 2004).These different agencies have been divided into Directorates with unique duties and jurisdiction. The first is the Border and Transportation Security Directorate which is responsible for ensuring the borders of America from terrorists coming from the outside of the country (Homeland Security, 2009). Aside from that, the Directorate ensures safety of land, sea, and air transportations. Immigration laws are also attached to the responsibility of the Directorate. The second is the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate which is tasked to coordina te with federal government in case of attack (Homeland Security, 2009).The third is Science and Technology Directorate responsible for biological, radiological, and chemical attacks, and nuclear weapons (Homeland Security, 2009). The last is the Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate tasked to gather intelligence and information in detecting terrorist activities (Homeland Security, 2009). Furthermore, it is also mandated to identify infrastructures which may be vulnerable to terrorism. An Undersecretary is assigned to administer each Directorate. The Undersecretary has been assigned a task toâ€Å"access, receive, and analyze law enforcement information from agencies of the Federal Government, State and local government agencies, and private sector entities, and to integrate such information to identify and assess the nature and scope of terrorist threat to the homeland; detect and identify threats of terrorism against United States; and understand such thre at in light of actual and potential vulnerabilities of the homeland† (Bolt, Colleta, and Shackelford, 2005, p. 433). Looking back into the definition, Homeland Security has three major concerns.First, prevent terrorist attacks in America (Fisher and Green, 2003). Second, reduce the vulnerability to terrorism of America (Fisher and Green, 2003). Third, minimize damages and recovery in case of attack (Fisher and Green, 2003). In preventing terrorist attack, the Department of Homeland Security has enhanced its intelligence and warning devices capable of tracking terrorist activities (Sauter and Carafano, 2005). In addition, national laws have been enacted to deal with domestic terrorism. Security within borders has also been intensified.Furthermore, transportation has been highly monitored to detect travelling terrorists. In the second duty of the Homeland Security, the Department is tasked to minimize vulnerability by curbing any possibility of bringing any weapon of mass destru ction into the country. This way, critical infrastructure and catastrophic terrorism are prevented (Sauter and Carafano, 2005). These kinds of terrorism involve attack through computer. Finally, the third duty is fulfilled by improving the capability of the Department in responding to a terrorist attack.Response may not only involve military defense but rather, it entails preparedness in rescuing lives of the victims and in containing the place attack to limit the number of victims. Another prevalent counterterrorism law of the government is the U. S. Patriot Act. Since the Act was abruptly enacted into law as it was signed 45 days after the 9/11 attack, the Act was perceived to be an effective means of curbing terrorism. Primarily, the U. S. Patriot Act was enacted to prevent terrorism but has effectively expanded the power of the law enforcement and intelligence agencies in carrying out their duties with regard to terrorism.There are basically four ways in carrying out the respons ibilities of the Act. First, the Act applies to fighting terrorism through the use of investigative tools previously available in fighting other forms of organized crime (Katzman). Second, the Act has eradicated any kind of barriers that hinders the free flow of information between and among law enforcement (Katzman). Third, the act validated the use of new technology and identifying new threats (Katzman). Last, the Act has created new terrorism-related crimes and increased penalties of crimes (Katzman).Under the first way, the tool that has been accepted or authorized includes electronic surveillances to detect terrorism in full-range and roving wiretaps to be authorized by a federal judge (Katzman). Through the roving wiretaps, the authorities are allowed to use electronic surveillance in response to â€Å"time-sensitive criminals or terrorist activities† (Purpura, 2007, p. 176). In addition, federal agents can also conduct investigations secretly under the authority of a v alid warrant obtained also secretly. The person being investigated is not also informed about the warrant.Through this, the federal agents would be able to identify agents, eliminate immediate threats, and coordinate the arrest of suspected individuals (Katzman). Furthermore, business records of individuals linked to terrorism can be examined through the order sought from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (Katzman). The information held by one federal agency can also be shared to other agency in order to effectively fight terrorism. Traditionally, each agency kept information confidential from other agencies in adherence to the agency’s independence.However, through the Patriot Act, the confidentiality of information or record is no longer controlling. In order to fully empower the federal agents in eradicating terrorism, jurisdiction as to warrant has been made general. Warrants can be obtained in any district and may be executed at any place being investigated for terrorist activities. Interestingly, cyber hacking has also been allowed in order to trace communications related to terrorism and at the same time tract hackers (Katzman).Furthermore, in order to fully prevent any terrorist activities and ensure the punishment of terrorists, the Act has increased penalties and added crimes that are categorized as terrorism. Among the crimes includes harboring any person linked to terrorism. Likewise, conspiracy crimes and offenses have been redefined and penalties of such have been increased. There has also been a specific penalty for mass transit attack and attacks using biological weapons. Finally, some terrorist crimes have no statute of limitation while some crimes have a lengthy.It is noteworthy that the Patriot Act has been criticized because of some acts that are obviously interfering with the rights of the citizens. Through the Act, the security in airports has been intensified and the law enforcers are even authorized to detain immigrants or suspected terrorist within the authorized time of detaining a person for questioning. Profiling has also been prevalent because Arabs, Muslims, and Asians were treated separately. Visas and passport of these people were also subjected to strict scrutiny. In addition, library records have been authorized by the Act to be reviewed by the federal agents.Furthermore, Emails can also be tracked by the federal agents on the mere basis of suspicion. More importantly, bank transactions suspected of funding a terrorist activity can be legally tracked by the federal agents. This has in fact changed the law on money laundering. Since the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security and U. S. Patriot Act, terrorism has been effectively deterred. The enhancement of security measures within borders and ports have hindered terrorist from pursuing their evil designs. In addition, several crimes such as smuggling have been prosecuted through the implementation of the counterterrorism law s.Several terrorist suspects have also been arrested through the active fulfillment of the federal agent of their duties. In line with this, suspects were thoroughly investigated due to the expansion of the court’s jurisdiction in trying and hearing terrorism cases. Remarkably, the laws have effectively brought back security within the nation. The fear of another terrorist attack has finally been eradicated. Despite criticisms, the effort of the government in curtailing terrorism has bear fruit. Notably, the people behind the 9/11 attack and other terrorist attacks have been prosecuted and punished accordingly.The very seat of terrorism has also been bombarded and paralyzed in order to prevent the rise of any sign of terrorism. The measures taken by the U. S. in fighting terrorism has also been adopted by other countries in their own fight to terrorism. The application of the counterterrorism laws has also reached policies of other countries. One of which is the Money Launder ing Law which has affected the bank transactions that passes through countries. Meanwhile, financial supports from suspicious donor have contributed to the success of terrorist activities.In order to avoid the free flow of the funds to support suspicious organizations, the government has strictly monitored bank transactions involving suspicious depositors and suspicious funds through the Patriot Act. Terrorist acts have also been effectively deterred at the very port of entry. The security equipments have been intensified and upgraded to detect any weapon that may be used to perpetrate a terrorist activity. Such equipments include scanners, surveillance cameras, and x-ray machines. The use of such equipments has been legally justified by the counterterrorism laws.Remarkably, all these measures have been effective in pacifying the nation from the threat of terrorism. Conclusion Traditionally, security can be acquired through the walls erected around houses. Terrorism, on the other ha nd, was considered as a petty problem yet a crime capable of being curtailed. More importantly, any act of terrorism can be disregarded by the government and responded through defensive military attack. However, the essence of security and terrorism has drastically changed after the 9/11 attack. Terrorism has become real and the injury it causes is unimaginable. Terrorism has also become the main enemy of the whole world.It also united the international community in curtailing and in eradicating any sign of it. Likewise, the 9/11 has angered America. The architecture of the attack also proved that Al-Qaeda can penetrate and destroy the security of America. The world’s perception of security has also drastically changed. America, on the other hand, has been quite paranoid about its security. However, it cannot be blamed because of the damaged caused by the 9/11 attack. The America viewed threat to have existed within and outside its territory. More importantly, the reality abo ut Al-Qaeda has finally been revealed through the bombing of twin towers.Al-Qaeda has indeed existed for a very long period. It has been living as a shadow that its existence was doubted by security forces. The organization has also been intelligent in carrying out its mission by extensively and safely planning the attacks. Likewise, the measures it has adopted in implementing the plans are sure yet deadly. But such cannot be considered difficult because of the ideology that has been instilled among the members. On the part of the victim of the attack, the countermeasures that have been adopted are the Homeland Security and U. S. Patriot Act.The Homeland Security was established as a means of centralizing the effort of the government in curbing terrorism. The Patriot Act, on the other hand, has enhanced the power of the federal agents in carrying their responsibilities with regard to terrorism. Any means that may be effective in tracking any sign of terrorism has been adopted and ap plied all throughout the country. Above all, the intelligence and security capabilities of the federal government have been heightened to effectively and efficiently eradicate terrorism. Both laws have been directed against terrorism.Upon the implementation of the counterterrorism laws, several changes have transpired. The enhancement of security has ensured the safety of America and American people. Several terrorist has also been arrested and punished accordingly. More importantly, the fear that has been instilled by the 9/11 attack among the people has been pacified. Peace and security has also been restored. Above all, no terrorist attacked against America followed. Hence, the measures adopted and implemented by the government has been effective and responded to the international problem. References Andryszewski, T. (2004). Terrorism in America.New York: Twenty-First Century Books Atkins, S. (2004). Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups New York: Green wood Publishing Group. Bolt, P. J. , Coletta, D. V. , and Shackelford, C. G. (2005). American defense policy. Johns Hopkins University Press Homeland Security. (2009). Department Components. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://www. dhs. gov/xabout/structure/ Katzman, K. (17 August 2005). Congressional Research Service. Al Qaeda: Profile and Threat Assessment. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://fas. org/sgp/crs/terror/RL33038. pdf Larson, E. V. , Peters, J. E. , Arroyo Center, and Rand Corporation.(2000). Preparing the U. S. Army for Homeland Security: Concepts, Issues, and Options. New York: Rand Corporation. Mannes, A. (2004). Profiles in terror: the guide to Middle East terrorist organizations. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. Martin, G. (2006). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. New York: Sage Publications. Purpura, P. P. (2007). Terrorism and Homeland Security: An Introduction with Applications New York: Butterworth-Heinemann. Sauter, M. , and Caraf ano, J. J. (2005) Homeland Security: A Complete Guide to Understanding, Preventing, and Surviving Terrorism. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.

Free Essays on Povery; Its Breaking Us Down

Poverty; It’s Breaking Us Down Many individuals have no idea what it is like to be unaware of how they will get their next meal or if their children will be seen at the hospital because they do not have the right insurance. These are all stresses in the every day life of a person who lives in poverty. These stresses are endless. A few stresses that seem to be common to the breakdown of a family unit are, a severe reduction in a stable income, uncertainty of an individuals life situation, as well as members of the family going to extremes to try to better their current status. Although many argue that it is family breakdown that causes poverty, it has been proven that the stresses that accompany poverty contribute to the increasing number of families that are â€Å"breaking down†. In a situation where a family knows that they are going to have a severe reduction in their income, the parents may be put under incredible stress, worrying about how they are going to pay their bills or feed themselves and their children. This can lead to unnecessary bickering and disagreeing, which weakens the relationships within the family unit. When these relationships get put under a great deal of stress, it is the first step in breaking down the family. The next â€Å"step† in the breakdown of the family, which is closely related with the first, is the feeling of uncertainty of the individual life situations. This, in itself, is enough to have a detrimental effect on the family. When the parents are not certain of how they will purchase the groceries for the next month or where they will get money to pay for their children’s medication, it can leave the parents feeling guilty and unworthy of their position as a parent. If the parent is feeling bad enough, it could lead to them either giving their children up for adoption or sending them to another family member that they feel can better care for them. Many people who find themselves ... Free Essays on Povery; It's Breaking Us Down Free Essays on Povery; It's Breaking Us Down Poverty; It’s Breaking Us Down Many individuals have no idea what it is like to be unaware of how they will get their next meal or if their children will be seen at the hospital because they do not have the right insurance. These are all stresses in the every day life of a person who lives in poverty. These stresses are endless. A few stresses that seem to be common to the breakdown of a family unit are, a severe reduction in a stable income, uncertainty of an individuals life situation, as well as members of the family going to extremes to try to better their current status. Although many argue that it is family breakdown that causes poverty, it has been proven that the stresses that accompany poverty contribute to the increasing number of families that are â€Å"breaking down†. In a situation where a family knows that they are going to have a severe reduction in their income, the parents may be put under incredible stress, worrying about how they are going to pay their bills or feed themselves and their children. This can lead to unnecessary bickering and disagreeing, which weakens the relationships within the family unit. When these relationships get put under a great deal of stress, it is the first step in breaking down the family. The next â€Å"step† in the breakdown of the family, which is closely related with the first, is the feeling of uncertainty of the individual life situations. This, in itself, is enough to have a detrimental effect on the family. When the parents are not certain of how they will purchase the groceries for the next month or where they will get money to pay for their children’s medication, it can leave the parents feeling guilty and unworthy of their position as a parent. If the parent is feeling bad enough, it could lead to them either giving their children up for adoption or sending them to another family member that they feel can better care for them. Many people who find themselves ...

A Rose Growing From The Concrete

A Rose Growing From The Concrete Free Online Research Papers I always told myself I was going to be something in life no matter how many obstacles came my way. Some people asked me where I get my strength, I say I get my strength from within always having a hunger to succeed. I broke through the lies I told myself that I will never overcome my situation. I also believe that I get my strength from my nieces because they look up to me and I want be a good example. So when they plan for college I will be right there guiding them, telling them to never give up and keep trying. Being one of the first in my family to seek higher education at a four year University is very exciting for me because I know I’m planning for my future. At an early age I had to adapt to being placed in different homes and different schools. This made my grades shift a lot from good, to average, and sometimes below average. I never had a chance to build relationships with friends or my biological parents. My biological parents weren’t in my life because they weren’t mentally or financially stable to take care of me. So I had to live with different family members that could take care of me so I wouldn’t be placed in foster care. Currently, I attend an AP Psychology course, I mime dance at my church, played tennis in the spring, intern for Motivos magazine, attend S.T.A.R (students talking about relationships), Im on the schools year book committee, and will be on the track team after Thanks giving break. Yes I am very active, I like doing new things and doing well at them. The major I plan on looking into is Psychology. I choose Psychology because I love interacting with people, always being a listener, and giving good advice from my own experiences. I’m a creative, enthusiastic, and a goal oriented person that sees a future full of greatness ahead of me. I also am a fluent reader and writer specifically poetry. I can say that I’m not a product of my environment because my goals are higher then what’s expected. Overall, my life has taught me to never let someone determine who I am or who I want to be. I can also say that I’m truly a rose growing from the concrete because even though my life experiences have been hard I still grow and persevere. So I leave you with poem: A Rose Growing From The Concrete I see me growing stronger through all the trials I face I see a bright future ahead of me even though my petals fall I grow erupting beauty from where I’m from busting out of my generational curse becoming someone that will someday make a difference Research Papers on A Rose Growing From The ConcreteStandardized TestingTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

News paper report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

News paper report - Essay Example It is imperative that however many the articles or authors are trying to find the extent to which the damage has been by global warming; they are not giving out the immediate solution on the same. Global warming, is s form of climate change, causes the rise of water in the sea level. This is a dangerous process since it puts historical sites and the coastal lines in danger, since they are vulnerable to erosion. The nice historic sites of this country are in danger, address the Monday 17, March 2014 newspaper. They are worried that those beautiful sites that were built on coastlines are now in danger (Sawer 2014). This has been caused by global warming, were the sea tides and water level are ever increasing. Worried that these sites are under threat, the main message passed here is that, a way should be established to control the everyday worsening situation. Listing several sites that are under threat, the paper reveals the sites that immediate action should be taken by the government, so that they should be saved from the danger they are facing. The Monday 17, March 2014 is another paper that reveals how global warming has proved a threat to the Greenland. The paper demonstrates the ice sheet that has been resisting global warming is now loose (AFP 2014). This is an issue of concern as the paper demonstrates that the unstable ice now adds billions of tones of melt irrigate to the sea, hence making it rise. The water level is increasing due to the surge in temperature. According to the paper, Greenland is one of those countries that have contributed largely on the rise of the sea level. This is another issue of concerned, caused by global warming, and so the need to live with it should be embraced, since it is a natural phenomenon that nobody can totally control. It forced the energy secretary on the platform of liberal democrat Mr. Ed Davey to attack the climate skeptics on the issue of global warming. In the issue published on March 17, 2014, he

Ethical Issues in Google Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical Issues in Google - Essay Example Ethic primarily comprises moral principles that help an individual to justify and distinguish good behaviour from bad ones. Organisation ethics is defined as a set of principles and guidelines that govern organisational decision and practices (Pojman, 1989). The paper aims at analysing ethical issues relevant to Google while briefly highlighting ethical theories and examples thereof. Organisational behaviour is significantly affected by organisational ethics. Ethic is gaining importance at large corporations such as Google because, with growing organisational complexities, the ethical dilemma at companies is also increasing rapidly. From the perspective of organisational behaviour, four ethical theories were ascertained to be appropriate for discussing the relevance of ethics at Google. These theories are the utilitarian ethical theory, virtue ethics, rights-based ethics and justice based ethics (Peterson, 2002). Utilitarian theory of ethics was originally posited by Jeremy Bentham, which however was later advanced by authors such as John Stuart Mill. The theory implies that self-interest should be overlooked and impartial judgment should be made when the interest of a number of individuals is associated with a particular action. Consequently, it is also known as the rule-based theory. In other words, utilitarian ethics is focused on the impact of an action’s outcome on various stakeholders. These stakeholders can be either internal or external to an organization. Utilitarian ethics emphasizes on a maximization of stakeholders’ wealth while minimizing potential damage. From organizational perspective, utilitarian ethical approach delivers long-term benefits to a firm by means of goodwill (Freeman, 1994). One example of the violation of utilitarian ethics by Google can be the strategy it adopted while entering China. China being one of the most populous countries presents an enormous opportunity for growth for Google but the Chinese government insists that all digital activities of its citizens require national monitoring for political control.  Ã‚  

Time Value of Money Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time Value of Money - Research Paper Example Calculation regarding future values of present values is extremely important when making important investment decisions (Andrew, 1997). A manager who would be uncertain of what would be the future value of his investment today, he would be uncertain whether to take on the investment or not. Suppose, a manager takes on an investment to invest in a bond that will pay him $ 1000 at maturity at 5% interest. How would he value the investment in terms of today? What is explicitly of importance to the manager is that how much the investor should pay today in order to get that $ 1000 principal at maturity (Brealey, 2005). The investor should use the application of time value of money in order to determine whether the amount that the borrower is asking is appropriate or not. Similarly, an investor might want to know that if he deposits a certain sum of money in the bank, then what would be the future value of the payment that he would receive at the relevant interest rate few years from now ( Andrew, 1997). The basic concept I have learnt from this assignment is how to apply the application of time value of money in different situations. Sometimes, we have been given the future value and all information and we had to find the present value, while sometimes we had been given present value and we had to calculate the future value. In summation, I have learnt the practical application and usefulness of time value of

Investigating the strength of Electrolytic solutions Essay Example for Free

Investigating the strength of Electrolytic solutions Essay Table 1 above shows the raw data of experiment I did to test the strength different electrolytic solutions. Moreover, this data table shows that all solutions except tap water and distilled water have the concentration of 0.5 M. In this table, some solutions’ ammeter reading has different uncertainty and multimeter setting. This is because solution like hydrochloric acid has high amp, so I had to set multimeter setting at 300mA in order to measure the ammeter reading of hydrochloric acid accurately. On the other hand, solution like distilled water has extremely low amp, so I had to set multimeter setting at 0. 3mA in order to measure the ammeter reading of distilled water accurately. Hence, varying in uncertainty of reading in each solution because as 1 reading, for example, if measured at setting of 300mA, is 5 amp per reading but if measured at 0.3mA, it is read as 0.005 amp per reading. 2.1. Data Processing Neutral Table 2 is a processed data of experiment on investigation of the strength of different electrolytic solutions. I included average of the data about strength of each electrolytic solution to make the data table clearer. Furthermore, I also included standard deviation of the data, to summarize the spread of values around the mean. Lastly, I added additional information about these solutions, whether if they are acidic, basic or neutral solutions. 3.1 Conclusion and Evaluation 3.1.1. Conclusion: To conclude, the background information that was given to me by the instructor states that stronger acidic or basic solutions are stronger electrolytes than those of weaker acidic, basic or neutral solutions. Referring to Table 2, which is a processed data of acquired data from this experiment, it provides the information of solutions whether if they are acidic, basic or neutral. In addition, it shows that stronger acid and base tend to have higher ammeter reading and weaker acid and base or neutral solutions tend to have lower ammeter reading. For example, hydrochloric acid, which is a strong acid, transferred mean reading of 47amp, whereas acetic acid, which is a weak acid, transferred mean reading of 0.92amp. Therefore, the results I got through experiment yield to the background information given by the instructor. (NakanishMasaki) 3.1.2. Evaluation: Everytime I finished experimenting with one solution three times, I thoroughly washed plastic container and 2 carbon electrodes with tap water, which made direct contact with the solution while testing, and dried them with paper towel. The purpose is to avoid errors in results by preventing mix of preexisting solutions with another kind of solution. Moreover, since the fluctuation of the value that multimeter presented made hard for me to decide what to write as the data, whenever I fully connect complete electrical circuit, I waited for 15 seconds for the fluctuations to ease down. Finally, when I was performing experiment on calcium hydroxide (Picture 1), I mixed it by stirring with the glass pipe in order to uniformly spread the substance that was deposited on the bottom of the solution, so I can get uniformly mixed calcium hydroxide. I did my best to cover up the weaknesses of lab equipment, but there still are some weaknesses still which were present throughout the lab, and it might have varied the data I collected. First of all, in order to follow the written instruction from the instruction sheets given, I had to wash equipments that made direct contact with the solution everytime I’m changing the solution that I will perform experiment upon with distilled water, but due to the lack of distilled water, I washed them with tap water instead. Second of all, I am not sure if 15 seconds were enough time for the fluctuations of the value to settle, or maybe it was too much time. Last of all, whenever I finish mixing the calcium hydroxide, I have to transfer the solution to the smaller beaker for measurement, but it takes time to do that and the substance might have been settled down within the calcium hydroxide solution. Therefore, there were some errors that prevented me from collecting the best results. Improvements can be made by providing each candidate, like me, with better lab equipments such as more advanced multimeter. Also, enough distilled water so I can wash equipments with it to follow the original instructions given. Works Cited 1. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/bases.html 2. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac60144a032 3. http://goto.glocalnet.net/ibweb/homepagelink.htm

The Impact of Peer Pressure On Learning :: Peer Pressure Essays

Allan failed his Advanced Algebra test and his parents are going to kill him. But this is not his fault, he was to busy with intramural basketball and his job at Fromm International. With these extra activities he has had no time to study for his math test or do most of the homework. He also has a group of friends who are more concerned with drinking and parting. He try’s to impress his friend by not studying and partying. The main reason why kids and him are not doing so well in school these days is because of their peers. Today’s students listen more to their friends rather than their parents or teachers. Beyond the Classroom and two other sources have backed up the idea of peer pressures effects on kids failing. The book Beyond the Classroom, written by Laurence Steinberg, is about why school reform has failed and what parents need to do. This book explains that schools these days are not as educational as schools back in the day. One of the chapters in this book was titled â€Å"The Power of Peers†. In this section they talked about how teens are effected by other teens. One main reason is teens are not studying and learning as well because of their peers. Kids need groups or â€Å"cliques† to fell important. These groups of peers influence one another. If one kid in the group tells another kid not to do their homework because it will make them look like a geek or a nerd, they will follow the idea because they want to be cool. Also kids involved in sports or extra activities do not do as well as other students, because of the less time to study. Also kids with after school jobs are more likely to fail courses or even classes. â€Å"These kids are not failing school because they don’t try hard or because they don’t study, it’s because they are to involved in other activities†, says Laurence Steinberg. The second source was an article in Family Life. The article â€Å"Adolescence & Peer Pressure† was written by Herbert G. Lingren. This article agreed with Beyond the Classroom and also states some of the same reasons. They said that â€Å"peers these days encourage poor school performance, and peers look down on kids who succeed in school†. The one scary thing is that parents don’t realize that their kids are doing poorly in till the last minute.

a building that I love Essay -- Free Essay Writer

My family lives in a detached house located in a cosy suburban neighbourhood in Vantaa. The building stands on a modest hill surrounded by mostly detached, but also by semi-detached and terraced houses. The altitude provides us with a magnificent view over a nearby valley and makes our own house look massive and very impressive indeed – almost monumental. We have a spacious garden and a private driveway. Judging by these facts you might think that our home is just another catalogue house of a fairly wealthy middleclass family. The building has, however, gone through various, more or less painful phases before eventually reaching its current unconventional structure. The house was originally a wooden cottage with no modern facilities whatsoever and a muddy yard serving as a paddock for pigs and sheep. My parents were looking for a suitable detached house to buy, saw this tiny cottage and fell in love with it instantly. Whatever possessed them, I do not know. Perhaps they were amazed by the fact that such idyllic smallholdings (or more accurately horrible dumps) could actually be found in a mere 25km radius from the centre of Helsinki. My own theory is that both of them, in some strangely twisted way, saw the cottage as a challenging and interesting adventure instead of a livelong working camp which it ultimately turned out to be. This was fifteen years ago and we are still renovating. My parents decided to expand the cottage by building a separate house next to it. Being a ...

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With vast referencing to Allah in the various stories compiling The Arabian Nights, comparison of story to the teachings of the Quran are a warranted article for evaluation.   In the introductory story, Story of King Shahryar and His Brother, the King discovers his wife to be an adulteress and decides to bestow upon her punishment by execution. With his brother having suffered the same through the actions of his own wife, the king concludes that all women are not to be trusted and that the world would benefit through having a fewer number of them.   As a result of this resolve, he commits to marrying one virgin a night, taking her to his bed, and then having her killed in the morning.   This practice continues for years.   Sura 24, Al-NÃ… «r, of the Quran offers an excellent foundation to discover if the actions in the story coincide with the codes of conduct taught in Islam with respect to women’s role in marriage and in society. Systematically reviewing the Sura, one may conclude that no definitive variation is stated between women’s societal role and that of men.   However, her role of being a woman and what that means in respect to protecting herself and her chastity is addressed.   Instruction is given to men to â€Å"restrain their looks and guard their senses† (24:31-32).   This instruction is given also to women, with the addition of hiding their beauty and adornments from those outside of specified individuals, stating that the beauty and adornments of a woman are reserved for her husband. They are not to be concerned with showing themselves to those who either are too young to understand the relationship between man and woman, or individuals outside of the family who have no desire for women (24:31-32).   In the Story of King Shahryar and His Brother, the king’s wives are spoken of as being beautiful.   It does not make reference to how they are dressed, but the impression is made that they are not covered as instructed by the Quran.   This is not to suggest that the failure to cover is cause for their demise, but a simple observation. The actions of the younger brother, King of Samarkand, are an obvious and blatant rebellion against Islamic rule in accordance to Sura 24.   While the witnessing of a wife committing adultery by the husband alone is evidence for punishment, he must â€Å"bear witness four times in the name of Allah that he is telling the truth, and a fifth time that Allah’s curse be upon him if he lies† (24:7-11).   This younger brother took it upon himself to kill his wife, and mentioned nothing of the situation to anyone until he spoke of it to his brother some time later.   Though the eldest King, King Shahryar, was not the sole witness to his wife’s sin, his punishment of murder is not the instructed penalty. However, it is not this murder, but the many that took place daily thereafter, in conjunction with the terms of arrangement, which pose such a contradiction to Sura 24.   A man and a woman are to be arranged in marriage (24:33-35).   Again, this reflects equality between the sexes, as both are under the same instruction.   In the story, this arranged marriage is seen routinely between the King and his nightly bride.   The difference being that in the story, these women were given to him out of fear by their families.   This marriage arrangement was by the king more so than by the woman’s controlling figures. There are similarities between Story of King Shahryar and His Brother and the Quran, however, the differences are more severe.   It would be an act of ignorance to take any of the stories from The Arabian Nights and use them as an indicator of Islam and the teachings of the Quran.   This story did not accurately reflect what a marriage is in Islam, nor did it make reference to a woman’s role either in marriage, in society, or in self.   The story depicts a woman as somebody who can be assigned and given away much in the way you would assign or give away material property.   Such a story does not echo the lessons of Islam found Sura 24, or of Islam as a whole. References Burton, R. (1850). The Arabian Nights Khan, MZ. (1997) The Qur’an: Arabic text with a new translation by Muhammad Zafrulla KhanI. Brooklyn: Olive Branch Press